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Chapter 14 Human Locomotion In humans, locomotion involves the interaction of: 1. Bones 2. Cartilage 3. Muscles 4. Tendons 5. Ligaments (I) Bones • Composed mainly of calcium • Made up of living bone cells and connective fiber tissue Bones provide: • Support and protection of body organs • Anchorage for muscles • Leverage for muscles • Bone marrow for the production of blood cells Bone Marrow • Found in hollow cavities of bone • These hollow cavities are known as the Haversian canals • Produce: red blood cells white blood cells platelets Joints • Where bone meets bone in an organism Types of Joints 1. Immovable joint 2. Ball-and-socket joint 3. Hinge joint 4. Gliding joint Immovable Joint • Bones that are tightly fitted together Ball-and-Socket Joint • Can move in all directions Hinge Joint • Permits back and forth motion Gliding Joint • Provides limited flexibility in all directions (II) Cartilage • Unlike bone, cartilage is flexible and elastic • Found at joints, nose, and ear • Absorbs shock Ossification • The process by which cartilage gradually changes into bone Ex: In humans, the skeleton of an embryo is made up of mostly cartilage. By adulthood, most of this cartilage changes into bone by the process of ossification (III) Muscles Three types of muscle: Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Skeletal Muscle • Voluntary (can be • • • • controlled) Involved in locomotion Attached to bone Striated in appearance (striped) Function as antagonistic pairs Antagonistic Pairs • Muscles work as opposites Ex: 1. Bicep contracts then triceps relaxes 2. Triceps contracts then the bicep relaxes http://www.innerbody.com/anim/arm.html Summary • When the bicep contracts, the arm bends upward (flexes) and therefore the bicep is known as a flexor • When the triceps contracts, the arm extends outward and therefore the triceps is known as an extensor Smooth Muscle • Smooth are not striated in appearance • Involuntary (cannot control movement) • Found in: -walls of digestive organs -walls of arteries and veins -walls of internal organs Cardiac Muscle • Found only in the heart • Striated in appearance • Involuntary http://www.mco.edu/cci/movies/cardiacEM.mov (IV) Attachments 1. Ligaments- connect bone to bone 2. Tendons- connect muscle to bone (V) Disorders of Locomotion 1. Arthritis- inflammation of the joints 2. Tendonitis- inflammation of a tendon, usually where it is attached to the bone