Download Activity and Exercise

Aktiviteti dhe Ushtrimet
• Objectivat:
• Krahaso efektet e ushtrimeve dhe
imobilitetit ne sistemet e trupit
• Identifikoni faktoret qe influencojne ne
aktivitetet dhe pozicionin e trupit
• Vlereso zakonet e ushtrimit os eaktivitet te
cilat ndikojne ne problemet potenciale ose
te rrezikut te immobilitetit
• Zhvillo diagnozen infermierore dhe
pritshmerine
Aktivitetet dhe Ushtrimet
• Qe te kryejme aktivitetet e nevojshme
ditore kerkohet energji dhe aftesi
• Ushtrimet- tipi, cilesia, sasia, qe pacienti
kryen
• Mobility- nje nevoje humane, jetesore per
indipendencen dhe e lidhur me shkallen e
mireqenies
Aktivitet dhe ushtrimet
• Levizshmeria eshte esenciale per te
ruajtur funksionin normal te trupit
• Humbja e levizshmerise mund te
shkaktoje depresion tek te rriturit
• Shkalla e stabilitetit veret nga aftesite per
te mbajtur peshen trupore brenda qendres
se gravitetit
Activity and Exercise
• Proper body alignment promotes healthy
organ function
– Reduces strain on muscles and joints
• Posture may reflect state of general health
or state of mind
• Balance –requires normally functioning
nervous system and equilibrium
mechanism of inner ear
Activity and Exercise
• Movement is controlled by cerebral cortex,
cerebellum and basal ganglia –if signals
“crossed” movements may not be
balanced or coordinated
• Types of exercise
– Isotonic
– Isometric
– Isokinetic
– Aerobic
Activity and Exercise
• Benefits of exercise
– Musculoskeletal--strength and tone, increased
bone density, joint mobility
– Cardiovascular – strengthen heart muscle
– Respiratory – improved ventilation, decreased
pooling of secretions
– GI – increased peristalsis
– Metabolic – burn calories, fats, enhance
insulin effectiveness
Activity and Exercise
• Psychological benefits of exercise – selfimage, increased energy, improved sleep
patterns, decreased stress
• Changes associated with aging –
decreased muscle tone and joint mobility,
osteoporosis, osteoarthritis
Activity and Exercise
• Factors affecting mobility
– Physical problems may directly or indirectly
affect mobility and activity tolerance
– Medically prescribed limitations
– Nutritional status
– Mental health
– Values about exercise
– External factors –safety, facilities
Effects of Immobility
• Nursing Diagnosis: Disuse Syndrome –the
state in which an individual is experiencing
or at risk for deterioration of body systems
or altered functioning as a result of
prescribed or unavoidable musculoskeletal
inactiviity
• (Carpenito, 2002)
Effects of Immobility
• The diagnosis of disuse syndrome
includes the presence of some of these
related nursing diagnoses – (actual or risk
for)
• Impaired skin integrity
• Activity intolerance
• Impaired physical mobility
• Constipation
Effects of Immobility
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Impaired respiratory function
Infection
Risk for Injury
Disturbed body image
Powerlessness
Effects of Immobility
• Musculoskeletal effects
– Atrophy
– Osteoporosis
– Contractures
– Joint stiffness
Effects of Immobility
• Cardiovascular
– Diminished cardiac reserves
– Valsalva maneuver
– Orthostatic hypotension
– Venous stasis and edema
– Thrombophlebitis
Effects of Immobility
• Respiratory
- Decreased ventilatory effort
– Pooling of secretions
– Atelectasis
• Metabolic
– Negative nitrogen balance
– Anorexia
– Loss of calcium
Effects of Immobility
• Urinary system
– Urinary stasis
– Renal calculi
– Retention and infection
• Gastrointestinal system
– constipation
Effects of Immobility
• Integumentary system (skin)
---Skin breakdown
– Poor skin turgor
• Psychological effects
– Powerlessness
– Loss of self-esteem, body image disturbance
– Disturbed sensory perception
Nursing Process
• Assessment of activity/exercise patterns
– Nursing history-includes ability to perform
ADLs, activity tolerance, exercise patterns
– When a problem exists, more detailed history
of each symptom and effects of immobility
Nursing Process
• Physical assessment
– Posture
– Gait
– Joints – ROM
– Muscle strength
– Activity tolerance – observe effects like VS
Nursing Process
• Environmental / individual factors
– Equipment
– Safety
– Medication side effects
– Need for pain relief
– Amount of assistance required
– Patient ability/willingness to cooperate
– Lab results (e.g. decreased Hgb and Hct)
Nursing Process
• Nursing Diagnosis (as previously noted)
• Planning / Goals
– Activity orders from physician
– Critical pathways
– Individualized plan for increasing activity and
preventing effects of immobility
Nursing Process
• Interventions
– Skills learned in nursing lab
– Patient teaching
– Collaboration with other disciplines
– Pre and post-assessment
– Psychologic support
– Nutrition