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Chapter 15 The Lymphatic System and Immunity © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymphatic System • Supplements the circulatory system • Composed of lymph, lymph nodes, lymph vessels, the spleen, the thymus gland, lymphoid tissue in the intestinal tract, and the tonsils • There is no muscular pump or heart © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Functions • Acts as intermediary between blood and tissue • Transports excess tissue fluid • Produce lymphocytes and filters out harmful bacteria • Function of spleen • Function of thymus gland © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymph • Straw colored • Called intercellular, interstitial fluid or tissue fluid • Composition of lymph • Moves with assistance of skeletal tissue contraction, breathing movements, and valves © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymph Vessels • • • • Closely parallel the veins Right lymphatic duct Left lymphatic duct (thoracic duct) Flows in only one direction © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Lymph Nodes • Small structures located alone or grouped in various places along the lymph vessels throughout the body • Trabeculae • Afferent lymphatic vessels • When germinal centers are stimulated, the immune response is activated © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Tonsils • Masses of lymphatic tissue • Produce lymphocytes • Filter out bacteria © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Tonsils • Three pairs of tonsils – Palatine – Adenoids – Lingual • Tonsillitis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Spleen • Saclike mass of lymphatic tissue • Located upper left of the abdomen beneath the diaphragm • Forms lymphocytes and monocytes • Filters out bacteria • Stores red blood cells © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Thymus Gland • Located in the upper anterior part of the thorax, above the heart • Produces T-lymphocytes • It is also an endocrine gland which secretes a hormone called thymosin © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Animation – Lymph Click Here to play Lymphatic System animation © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Effects of Aging • • • • Decline in immune function Increased risk of infection Decreased ability to fight disease Slowed wound healing © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Disorders of the Lymph System • Lymphadenitis • Hodgkin’s disease • Infectious mononucleosis © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunity • When pathogens and foreign materials penetrate the skin the person’s immunity comes into play • Immunity is the body’s ability to resist these invaders • Individuals differ in their ability to resist infection © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunity • Resistance varies at different times • Natural immunity – Immunity we are born with • Acquired immunity – Reaction that occurs as a result of exposure to invaders • Passive acquired immunity – Acquired artificially by injecting antibodies © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunity • Active acquired immunity – Natural acquired immunity results from having had and recovered from the disease – Artificial acquired immunity comes from being inoculated with a suitable vaccine, antigen, or toxoid (e.g. immunizations) • Immunoglobulin © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 • • • • • • Hepatitis B Rotavirus Diphtheria, Tetanus, Pertussis Haemophilus Pneumococcal Inactivated poliovirus © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations: Ages 0 to 6 • • • • • Influenza Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella Hepatitis A Meningococcal © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 • • • • • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis Human papillomavirus Meningococcal Pneumococcal Influenza © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations: Ages 7 to 18 • • • • • Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Inactivated poliovirus Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations – Adult • • • • • Tetanus, diphtheria, pertussis (Td/Tdap) Human papillomavirus Measles, mumps, rubella Varicella Influenza © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Immunizations – Adult • • • • Pneumococcal Hepatitis A Hepatitis B Meningococcal © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Autoimmunity • Autoimmune disorder – When the body mistakenly targets the normal cells, tissues, and organs of a person’s own body • Multiple causes can trigger the disorder © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Autoimmune Disorders • • • • • Multiple sclerosis Myasthenia gravis Pernicious anemia Psoriasis Crohn’s disease © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Autoimmune Disorders • • • • • Ulcerative colitis Type I diabetes mellitus Rheumatoid arthritis Lupus Scleroderma © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Hypersensitivity • When the body’s immune system fails to protect itself against foreign material • Allergens • Anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock • Medic-alert tags © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning AIDS/HIV • A – Acquired – The disease is not inherited • I – Immune – Refers to body’s natural defenses against cancers, disease, and infections • D – Deficiency – Lacks cellular immunity © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning AIDS/HIV • S – Syndrome – Involves the set of diseases or conditions that are present to signal the diagnosis • Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) causes AIDS • HIV destroys the body’s T4-lymphocyte cells • Opportunistic infections © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning AIDS/HIV • Three outcomes from infection with HIV – AIDS – AIDS-related complex (ARC) – Asymptomatic infection • HIV/AIDS Statistics © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Transmission of AIDS • Sexual contact • Sharing hypodermic needles • In utero or at birth © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Screening Tests for HIV/AIDS • ELISA • Western blot • Rapid test © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Symptoms of HIV/AIDS • Flu-like symptoms • More persistent symptoms • Opportunistic conditions © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Treatment of HIV/AIDS • No cure for AIDS • Prevention and treatment have prolonged and improved the lives of many – AZT – Protease inhibitors – AIDS cocktail © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning Preventing Transmission of HIV/AIDS • • • • • • Limit sexual contacts Have protected sex Do not share needles Clean up soiled materials Cover wounds Standard precautions used by all health care workers © 2009 Delmar, Cengage Learning
