Download Pneumonia: nursing management

Pneumonia: nursing management
Islamic University
Nursing College
Definition
Pneumonia is a pulmonary infection or
inflammation that develops after someone
inhales airborne pathogens or aspirates
pathogens in secretions from the upper
respiratory or gastrointestinal tract.
Classification
- Bacterial
- Viral
- Fungal.
Depending on the patient's clinical and X-ray
findings, pneumonia is further classified as lobar
pneumonia (affecting one or more lobes),
bronchopneumonia (affecting the terminal
bronchial tree, distal airways, and alveoli), or
inflammation of the interstitial space.
Community-acquired pneumonia is pneumonia that
someone contracts outside the hospital setting. In many
cases, a respiratory virus, such as influenza or adenovirus, is
the infectious organism. The most common bacterial cause is
Gram-positive Streptococcus pneumoniae.
Nosocomial (hospital-acquired) pneumonia develops
more than 7 days after hospital admission. It's likely to be
caused by different pathogens, including Staphylococcus
aureus and Klebsiella.
Risk factors for Community-acquired pneumonia
(CAP)
• Elderly
• Very young
• Cystic fibrosis
• Respiratory conditions
• Smoking
• Immunocomprompromised
• Heart disease
• Diabetes
Signs and symptoms
a. Cough,
b. Sputum
c. Dyspnea, Grunting
d. Pleuritic chest pain
e. Crackles (auscultation)
f. Dullness (percussion)
g. Fever or hypothermia
h. Low or high WBC count , Fever
i. Drowsiness
Less common signs and symptoms
a. Increased heart rate
b. Cyanosis
c. Retractions (infants and children)
d. Lung secretions
e. Dehydration
f. Anorexia
g. Behavior changes
X-ray findings
a. Viral
b. Bacterial
c. Uncommon organism
Treatment
1. Antibiotic therapy if applicable
2. Maintain oxygenation
3. Maintain airway clearance
4. Maintain adequate hydration
5. Monitor temperature
Patient education
1. Hand hygiene
2. Asthma control
3. Yearly flu immunization