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Unit VI
Caring for Vulnerable Populations
Delmar Learning
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Chapter 26
Communicable Diseases
Delmar Learning
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Historical Perspectives on
Communicable Disease
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Early 19th Century
Epidemics, poor sanitation led to communicable disease
Early 20th Century
Leading cause of death in U.S. was communicable
disease
• Early 21st Century
• Chronic diseases – leading cause of death in U.S.
• Communicable diseases – leading cause of death
worldwide
Chapter 26
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Changing World of Infectious
Disease
• Emergence of new disease-causing
organisms
• Nosocomial infections
• Drug-resistant infections
Chapter 26
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Global Perspectives for
Communicable Disease Control
• Surveillance
• Reporting guidelines
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Centers for Disease Control (U.S.)
Chapter 26
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Modes of Disease Transmission
• Interaction between agent, host, and
environment
• Vertical transmission
• Horizontal transmission
Chapter 26
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Modes of Transmission
• Direct transmission
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Airborne
Fecal/oral
• Indirect transmission
Chapter 26
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Immunity
• Acquired
• Natural
• Active
Chapter 26
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Vaccine-Preventable Diseases
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Measles, Mumps, Rubella
Tetanus, Diphtheria
Varicella
Influenza
Pneumococcal Pneumonia
Chapter 26
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Contraindications to
Immunization
• Permanent Contraindications
• Temporary Contraindications
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Pregnancy
Immunosuppression
Severe illness
Recent recipient of blood products
Chapter 26
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Sexually Transmitted Diseases
(STDs)
• Populations at increased risk
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Adolescents, young adults, women,
minorities
Substance abusers, persons of low
socioeconomic status
• Prevention of STD
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Primary, secondary, and tertiary prevention
Chapter 26
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Viral STDs
• Lifetime outbreaks
• Infection and symptom management
Chapter 26
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Acquired Immunodeficiency
Syndrome (AIDS)
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Retrovirus
Gradual destruction of immune system
Opportunistic infections
Transmission
Chapter 26
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AIDS
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Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Human Papillomavirus (HPV)
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Herpes Simplex Virus 2 (HSV-2)
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Bacterial Sexually Transmitted
Diseases
• Chlamydia
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Syphilis
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Gonorrhea
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Trichomoniasis
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Prevention of STDs
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Role of the Community Health Nurse
Education
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Chapter 26
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Emerging Infections
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Ebola
Multi-drug resistant TB
Hantavirus
Escherichia Coli
Chapter 26
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Ebola
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Multi-Drug Resistant
Tuberculosis
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Hantavirus
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Escherichia Coli
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Lyme Disease
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Tuberculosis
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Prevention of Tuberculosis
• Role of the Health Department
• Role of the Community Health Nurse
• Use of Bacillus Calmette-Guerin vaccine
Chapter 26
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Hepatitis
• Symptoms
• Diagnosis
• Treatment
Chapter 26
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Hepatitis A
• Transmission
• Individuals at high risk
• Prevention
Chapter 26
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Hepatitis B
• Transmission
• Individuals at high risk
• Prevention
Chapter 26
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Hepatitis C
• Transmission
• Individuals at high risk
• Prevention
Chapter 26
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Hepatitis D
• Transmission
• Prevention
Chapter 26
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Hepatitis E
• Transmission
• Prevention
Chapter 26
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Food and Waterborne Infections
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Pediculosis
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Scabies
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Influenza
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
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Rabies
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Transmission
Symptoms
Diagnosis
Treatment
Prevention
Chapter 26
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company
Community Health Nurse
Responsibilities in Preventing
Communicable Diseases
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Core Public Health Functions
Primary Prevention
Secondary Prevention
Tertiary Prevention
Chapter 26
Copyright © 2003 Delmar Learning, a Thomson Learning company