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Unit 1 Book 5 Great Scientists Do you know their names? Try the quiz below and learn about some scientists. Archimedes He was an ancient Greek mathematician. He discovered objects in water are lifted up by a force that help them float. He wrote The Origin of Species. It explained how animals and plants developed as the environment changed. Charles Darwin He improved the first steam pump built by Thomas Savery and turned it into a steam engine for taking water out of mines. Later James Watt turned it into the first modern steam engine used on the railways. Thomas Newcomen He used peas to show how physical characteristics are passed from parents to their children. Gregory Mendel She discovered radium in 1898. She received two Nobel Prizes, one for physics and the other for chemistry. Marie Curie He invented the way of giving electricity to everybody in large cities. Thomas Edison He was a famous artist. He used to study dead people in order to make his paintings as accurate as possible. Leonardo da Vinci He developed a safety lamp for miners in 1815. It made working conditions underground much safer. Sir Humphry Davy Zhang Heng He invented the first seismograph to indicate the direction of an earthquake. Stephen Harking He put forward a theory about black holes. Brainstorming enthusiastic Co-operative positive What personality and quality will be needed as a great scientist? bright common characteristics cautious strict How do the scientists usually do scientific research? The process Find a problem Make a question Think of a method Collect results Analyse the results Find supporting evidence Draw a conclusion THINK WORK FIND SOLVE What infectious diseases do you know about? foot-and-mouth E.coli outbreak disease infectious (infect) disease is a An ____________ caused (cause) by bacterial, disease ________ virus, fungal ['fʌŋg(ə)l] 真菌的 , or Though protozoan [,prəʊtə(ʊ)'zəʊən] 原生动物的 infection. _________ some infectious diseases don’t others________ may be transmitted spread, from animal to person (bird flu and cat scratch disease) ______ or from person to person (MRSA, HIV, and other STDs). How to prevent infectious diseases? • Wash your hands often, especially during cold and flu season. • Be aware of what you eat, and be careful how you prepare it. • Use antibiotics exactly as prescribed. • Be cautious around all wild and domestic animals that are not familiar to you. • Avoid areas of insect infestation. What do you know about cholera? Cholera is the illness caused by a bacterium. If it infects people’s intestines [ɪn'tɛstɪn] (肠), it may cause diarrhea [,daɪə'riə] (腹泻), vomiting ['vɔmitiŋ] (呕吐) and leg cramps (抽筋). The most common cause of cholera is by eating food or drinking water that has been polluted by the bacteria. Cholera can be mild or even without symptoms (症状), but a severe case can lead to death without immediate treatment. • John Snow ( 1813~ 1858) Do you know this person? • a legendary figure in the history of public health, epidemiology [,epɪdiːmɪ' ɒlədʒɪ] (流行病学) and anesthesiology [,ænis,θi: zi:'ɔlədʒi (麻醉学) Fast reading What’s the main idea of the passage? A. John Snow was a well-known doctor in London. B.The cause of Cholera was polluted water. C. The source of all drinking water should be examined. D. How John Snow collected, analyzed data and found the cause of the disease and solved it . Careful reading Use the seven stages in setting out a new scientific idea to describe each paragraph. Para 1 find a problem Para 2 make up a question Para 3 think of a method Para 4 collect results Para 5 analyse the results Para 6 find supporting evidence Para 7 draw a conclusion Find a problem Para. 1 What causes cholera? Make a question Para. 2 Which theory is correct? Think of a method Collect data on those who were ill Para. 3 or died and where they got their water. Collect results Para. 4 Plot information on a map to find out where people died or did not die. Analyse the results Para. 5 Analyse the water to see if that is the cause of the illness. Find supporting evidence Para. 6 Find other evidence to support the analysis. Draw a conclusion Para. 7 The water was to blame. The source of all drinking water should be examined to make sure it is safe. Public house Many deaths happened here. No death happened here. The water from the pump was to blame. Answer the questions. Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first? What’s the two theories? When the cause was found, what did the people do? What are John Snow’s suggestions? 1. Why couldn’t the cholera be under control at first? Neither its cause, nor its cure was understood. 2. What’s the two theories? Strange cloud in the air that attacked people. People absorbed the disease with their meals. 3. When the cause was found, what did the people do? Remove the handle from the water pump so it could not be used. 4. What are John Snow’s suggestions? ① The source of all water supplies should be examined. ② The water companies were also instructed not to expose people to polluted water anymore. Number these events in the order they happened. ___ 2 John Snow began to test two theories. ___ 1 An outbreak of cholera hit London in 1854. ___ 4 John Snow marked the deaths on a map. ___ 7 He announced that the water carried the disease. ___ 3 John Snow investigated two streets where the outbreak was very severe. 8 King Cholera was defeated. ___ 5 He found that most of the deaths were near a ___ water pump. 6 He had the handle removed from the water pump. ___ Summary: John Snow was a well-known doctor ____ in London in the cause of ___ 19th century. He wanted to find the ______ exposed to cholera. cholera in order to help people ______ In 1854 when a cholera broke ____ out, he began to gather information. He marked _____ on a map where all the dead people had lived and he found that many people who had drunk the dirty water from the pump died. So he decided that the polluted ______ water carried cholera. He suggested that the examined and new _____ source of all water supply be _______ methods of dealing with polluted water be found. Finally, “King Cholera” was defeated. 1. Underline the difficult sentences that you cannot understand. 2. Do the exercise