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National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Government

Source: CSO and IDA
Population
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
President
Taoiseach
Executive/
Government
Legislature/
Parliament
Judiciary
Tanaiste
Government Party
Ministers
Ministers of State
Opposition Parties
Civil Service
Departments
Statutory
Bodies
Department of
Finance etc.
Health Boards,
VECs
Semi-State
Companies
ESB, Aer Lingus
Local Authorities
Institutions
Dublin
City Council
Police, Army,
Judiciary
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Constitution

1937 Bunreacht na hEireann (Basic Law of Ireland) - Passed by the people

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Territory of the state
Structure of government
Fundamental rights
The State
Article 1 Self-determination
Article 2 Territory of Ireland
‘consists of the whole island of Ireland, its islands and the territorial seas’
Article 3 Extent of laws
The right of the Government to exercise jurisdiction over the whole of the
territory ‘pending the re-integration of the national territory’- McGimpsey
v Ireland(1990)
The Good Friday Agreement – amendments to Articles 2 and 3
Language
Irish (8.1) first official language of Ireland
English (8.2) second official language
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
President
Article
12 Office of the President (Uachtarain na hEireann)
Elected
Seven
by a vote of the people
years - maximum two terms .
Thirty-fifth
year of age (12.4.1).
Nominated
by 20 members of the Oireachtas, or four County Councils
Retiring
President self nominates
Summons
and dissolves the Dail
Signs
Bill
Right
of pardon
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
An Oireachtas
The National Parliament
The
National Parliament - Articles 15 to 27
The
Oireachtas
President,
Sole
The
Dail Eireann, Seanad Eireann
law-making body
Oireachtas
Sessions
Sittings
- minimum one every year
- in public
Elect
Chairman , Deputy Chairman
Casting

vote
Elected without election taking place
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
An Oireachtas
The National Parliament
TD’s
(Teachtí Dala) Immune from arrest - to and from the Houses
Immune
but
Dail
for slander and libel
subject to rules of the House in these matters
Eireann
166
members - one member for every thirty thousand (max.)
Serve
not more than seven years
Represent
constituents
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
An Oireachtas
The National Parliament
Seanad
Eireann
Sixty
members - eleven nominated by the Taoiseach
Forty-nine
- elected
Three
by the National University of Ireland
Three
by the University of Dublin
Abolish??
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
An Oireachtas
The National Parliament
•The Government
•Separation of powers
•Executive power (The Cabinet)
•Fifteen members
•Prohibited from declaring war
•Responsible & accountable
•Taoiseach to keep the President informed
•Tanaiste
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
The Structure of Criminal Courts
The Structure of Civil Courts
Court of Criminal Appeal
European Court of Justice
Central Criminal Court/
Special Criminal Court
Circuit Court
Supreme Court
High Court
Circuit Court
District Court
District Court
Small Claims Procedure
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
Article
34 of the constitution
Cases
are heard in public
Court
of First Instance (High Court)
Court
of Final Appeal (Supreme Court)
Other
courts established – not prohibited by the constitution
Courts
are managed by The Courts Service
www.courts.ie
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
Small
Claims Procedure
Complainant
make claim against Respondent
Repondent can
accept claim and pay up
Ignore it and have a judgement entered against them
Reject it and have the case go to court
Maximum award by this procedure €1280
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
The
District Court

civil awards up to €6,380

criminal minor cases eg drink-driving

summary jurisdiction
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
The
Circuit Court
Wider
Jurisdiction – civil awards up to €38,100
Indictable
Armed
offences, ie. those requiring trial by jury
robbery and fraud
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
The
High Court
Unlimited
– civil cases in excess of £30,000
Personal
Central
injuries and breaches of contract
Criminal Court – High Court hearing criminal cases
Judge
and jury
Serious
offences - murder and rape
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
The
Supreme Court
Court
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
of Final Appeal
Constitutional validity of Bills
Majority ruling
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
The Court System in Ireland
The
Court of Criminal Appeal

Hears appeals
The Special Criminal Court
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Offences Against the State Act 1939

Terrorism

Certain drugs related crimes
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Ireland’s Population
National
Tourist Guide
Training
Programme
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Urban/Rural population
2.50
Millions
2.00
1.50
1.00
0.50
0.00
1926
1936
1946
1956
1966
1976
Years
Urban
2002: Urban 2.3million (60%), Rural 1.6 million (40%)
Rural
1986
1996
2006
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Labour force participation rates, 1926-2002



Male rates historically
higher
Max difference 56%
in 1946
Increase in female
rate since 1981
Female home duties:

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62% in 1971
27% in 2002
90
80
70
Percentage

60
50
40
30
20
1926
1936
1946
1956
1966
1976
1986
1996
2006
Years
Males
Females
Female labour force participation rate 2002
EU-15: 47.6%, Ireland: 48.8%
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Sectoral employment shares, 19262002
Agriculture
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Industry
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50% in 1926
6% in 2002
13% in 1926
32% in 1981
25% in 2002
Services
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34% in 1926
69% in 2002
100
90
80
70
Percentage

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1926
1936
1946
1951
1961
1966
1971
Census Years
Agriculture
Industry
Services
1981
1986
1991
1996
2002
Percentage of workers travelling
20+ miles to work, 2002
12% of workers travelled
20 miles and over to work
each day
Health
HSE
Education
Pre-school
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None!
1 year pre-school part funded
Established programme (Aistear)
Primary
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Age 4.5 to 12
Huge curriculum
New focus on literacy and numeracy
Role of religion
Removal of funding for modern languages
Secondary
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Ages 12-18
Compulsory until 16
Comprehensive and Community Sector
Voluntary schools, inc. denominational schools
VECs
Traditional ‘secondary schools’ – CBS, Holy Faith etc
Junior Cycle
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
3 years
Undergoing reform at present
Change from fixed curriculum to part fixed, part choice
Senior Cycle

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16 to 18 years
Majority of young people proceed to senior cycle
Leaving Certifcate, Leaving Certificate Applied
Main focus on Third Level entry

Negative impact on education values
Third Level
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Approx 50% of school leavers
Variety of courses
 PLC
 Certificate, diploma, degree
Post-graduate increasingly important
Issues of funding
Competition of places.
The Economy
The Irish Economy
The Irish Economy


Ireland failed to industrialise after independence
It remained predominantly an agricultural country with only
10% of the labour force working in industry.
 Several factors account for these
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
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Source: CSO and IDA
Lack of Raw Materials
Insufficient Energy Supplies
Small Domestic Market
The Irish Economy
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
1926-1958
Government pursued a policy of Protectionism for Irish
Industry
 Huge tariffs on imports
 Irish goods relatively cheaper
By 1951 Industrial employment had increase 50% but there
were still problems
 Small domestic market was insufficient to support
industrial output
 Quality was poor
 Industry was not efficient
Late 1950’s depression focused government on raising
employment levels generally.
The Irish Economy


1958 First Programme for Economic Expansion
Key Points:
 Protectionism abandoned for good
 Foreign investment wholeheartedly embraced
 IDA worked to attract Multinational Companies
(MNC’s)
The Irish Economy

Government policy provided
 Industrial Development Authority (reconstituted in 1969)
 Advance plants to Multinational Companies
 Capital grants
 Labour Retraining Schemes
 Export profit tax relief scheme (replaced in 1981 by
10% corporation tax)
The Irish Economy

Multinational Companies were attracted to Ireland by
 Low cost production platform for Branch Plants
 Government incentives
 Low labour costs
 Well educated English speaking labour force
 Access to EEC markets
 versus Portugal (poor in everything), Spain
(politically unstable), Italy (politically unstable).
The Irish Economy
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
1966-1968
Series of reports commissioned by An Foras
Forbartha (The National Institute for Physical
Planning and Research) on economic
development in Ireland. The most effective
report was the more general Buchanan
Report.
 9 growth centres
 National
 Regional
 Local
Growth was to be centred around these
However the creation of new jobs was
mirrored by the loss of existing jobs as a
result of the market being open to imports.
The Irish Economy




1970’s
OIL PRICE CRISIS 1973
Political decision making focused on maintaining standards
of living
Increase in national debt
The Irish Economy


1980’s
Increase in unemployment – 1984 = 19%
 Numbers at work decreased by 40%
 Government continued borrowing
90% of income tax revenue to servicing national debt.
Emigration = 45,000 per year.
 Graduates left – ‘Brain Drain’.
Money borrowed went to pay for current spending versus
capital investment
The Irish Economy
• Unemployment continued to rise.
1987 Economist Magazine
referred to Ireland as a Third
World Country.
• Early 1990’s unemployment
reached 25% of the labour force.
• Structural unemployment
The Irish Economy
Taxes and Current Expenditure
Expenditure and Taxes
55
50
as % GNP
45
40
35
Taxes
Current Expenditure
30
25
20
70
75
80
85
90
95
00
The Irish Economy
Government Debt
Government Debt
140
120
% GNP
100
80
60
40
20
0
70
75
80
85
90
95
00
The Irish Economy



1980s
New initiatives were being undertaken to promote job creation:
 Tax incentives for the regeneration of the Dublin City and
others
 (Urban Renewal Scheme)
 Tax incentives for the creation of the Financial Services Centre
 A new Agency for the Management of the national debt
(NTMA)
First moves towards ‘social partnership’ in 1987 – bring Unions,
Employers and Government together to develop a job creation
strategy.
The Irish Economy


Partnership agreements since 1987
General aims
 To stabilise the economy
 Wage restraint
 Guarantee workers set wage increases
 Keep interest and inflation rates low
 Encourage an economic climate attractive to investors
1983
1984
1985
1986
1987
1988
1989
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
54.2
58.8
62
64.4
66.4
67.8
70.6
72.9
75.3
77.6
78.7
80.5
82.6
84
85.2
87.2
88.7
1983
1984
1984
8.5%
1985
1985
5.4%
1986
1986
3.9%
1987
1987
3.1%
1988
1988
2.1%
1989
1989
4.1%
1990
1990
3.3%
1991
1991
3.3%
1992
1992
3.1%
1993
1993
1.4%
1994
1994
2.3%
1995
1995
2.6%
1996
1996
1.7%
1997
Unemployment rate
1997
1.4%
1998
1998
2.3%
1999
1999
1.7%
2000
2003
2001
1999
1997
1995
1993
Unemployment rate (1987-2003)
1991
17%
16%
15%
14%
16%
15%
16%
15%
12%
12%
10%
8%
6%
4%
4%
4%
5%
1989
1987
1988
1989
1990
20%
1991
1992
15%
1993
1994
10%
1995
1996
5%
1997
1998
0%
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
1987
The Irish Economy
The Irish Economy

Achievements
 Stable labour market
 Fewer strikes
 Ireland has become very attractive to foreign investors
especially American multi-nationals.
 Ireland became more competitive
 Favourable wage rates have also contributed greatly to
more multi nationals choosing Ireland to invest in, and
often base their European operations here rather then
other countries in Europe.
 Ireland has 1% of the E.U. population but receives
26% of US investment in Europe
The Irish Economy

Northern Ireland

The ‘Troubles’ painted a poor picture of Ireland internationally.



A key element in presenting Ireland as a politically stable country
in which investment and business could be done securely, was to
find some solution to the Northern Ireland conflict.
In 1993, John Major and Albert Reynolds signed the Downing
Street Declaration which outlined the principles which would
underline an agreement between Unionists and Nationalists in the
North.
1998 Good Friday Agreement was signed.
 St. Andrew’s agreement 2007
The Irish Economy



European Union
European Core vs European Periphery
European Union attempts to reduce the economic
differences between regions.
 Structural Funding
 European Regional Development Fund (ERDF)
 European Social Fund (ESF)
 Agricultural Guidance
 Committed under the Maastricht Treaty (Treaty of
European Union)
 Cohesion Funds
 Established to assist four weakest countries (Greece,
Ireland, Portugal, Spain)
The Irish Economy

Objective 1 Regions
 Most problematic of E.U. Regions
 GDP per capita<75% of E.U. average
 Periphery of E.U.
 High rates of unemployment
 High Dependency on Agriculture
 Weak transport infrastructure
The Irish Economy

National Development Plans
 EU Funding is allocated as part of National Development
Plans.
 Job Creation
 Transport infrastructure improvement
 Reducing social exclusion
The Irish Economy
€millions
Net Receipts From the EU
2800
2600
2400
2200
2000
1800
1600
1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1973 1975 1977 1979 1981 1983 1985 1987 1989 1991 1993 1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005
Year
The Irish Economy
The Irish Economy
The Irish Economy
Real interest rates 1983-2001
20
15
10
5
0
83
-5
-10
85
87
89
91
93
95
97
99
20
03
20
01
19
99
19
97
19
95
19
93
19
91
19
89
19
87
19
85
19
83
19
81
19
79
19
77
19
75
19
73
19
71
19
69
19
67
19
65
19
63
19
61
%
The Irish Economy
Figure 4: Unemployment rate
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
The Irish Economy
The Irish Economy
Estimated Numbers and Expenditure of Visitors to Ireland
8,000
4500
7,000
4000
2500
4,000
2000
3,000
1500
2,000
1000
1,000
500
0
0
19
7
19 6
7
19 7
7
19 8
7
19 9
8
19 0
8
19 1
8
19 2
8
19 3
8
19 4
8
19 5
8
19 6
8
19 7
8
19 8
8
19 9
9
19 0
9
19 1
9
19 2
9
19 3
9
19 4
9
19 5
9
19 6
9
19 7
9
19 8
9
20 9
0
20 0
0
20 1
0
20 2
03
Numbers (000s)
3000
5,000
Year
Numbers (000s)
Expenditure (€m)
Expenditure (€m)
3500
6,000
The Irish Economy

Role of the IDA
 – Industrial Development Authority


Ireland means business for the world
 960 foreign companies
 employing 138,000 workers
 cutting edge
 technology
 Research
 IT hardware and
 Software
 Pharmaceuticals
 medical devices
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eA6iBKc0O0E
The Irish Economy

IDA- Selling points
 An English-speaking US oriented environment
 Low corporation tax rate
 telecommunications infrastructure,
 A high value educational system
 Incentive and grants
 Track record
Celtic Tiger Economy
Source: CSO and IDA
0%
Country
United States
Malta
Spain
Netherlands
Belgium
France
Italy
Greece
Denmark
United Kingdom
Finland
Sweden
Germany
Czech Republic
Slovenia
Portugal
Austria
Luxembourg
Estonia
Slovakia
Poland
Hungary
Lithuania
Latvia
Cyprus
Ireland
Percentage
The Irish Economy
2005 Corporate Tax rate for selected countries
40%
35%
30%
25%
20%
15%
10%
5%
The Irish Economy
Destination of Exports
Source: CSO and IDA
The Irish Economy
Labour Productivity 2004 – GDP(PPP) per
person employed per hour (US$)
Source: CSO and IDA
The Irish Economy
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
Imports
Exports
Year
03
20
02
20
01
20
00
20
99
19
98
19
97
19
96
19
95
19
94
19
93
19
92
19
91
19
90
Trade Surplus
19
€m
Annual External trade
The Irish Economy

NIB

NIB
NIB

NIB

NIB

NIB
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Consumer Prices 1996-2005
1996=100
135
Ireland
EU 25
130
125
120
115
110
105
100
1996 1997
1998
1999 2000
2001 2002
2003
2004 2005
National Tourist Guide Training Programme
Celtic Tiger in Hindsight

Phase 1 - 1994-2001
 Economy grew rapidly
 Signs of overheating
 ESRI warned of need of dampening
 Bertie dismissed this
 Dot Com Bubble burst
 9/11 attacks
 Government pro-cyclical measures led to Celtic Tiger
Phase 2
Celtic Tiger

Phase 2 : 2001 -2005
 Or 06, or 07 or 08???
 Government policy
 Allowed for inflated house prices
 Un-restricted development
 Unregulated financial sector
Banking

Banks
 Loans and deposits
 Capital requirement
 Sell loans
 Reduce capital requirements
 Keep of Balance Sheet
 Mortgage brokerages
 Incentive to give mortgages
 Sub-prime lending
Morgan Kelly
Guardian.co.uk
Morgan Kelly
House Completions
100,000
90,000
80,000
70,000
60,000
50,000
40,000
30,000
20,000
10,000
0
1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010
Ghost Estates





2,800 Unfinished estates
122,000 units
78,000 occupied
43,000 Vacant
Total vacancy = 294,202
(CSO)
House Prices
Rob Kitchen NUIM
Future





Emigration rising
Families are smaller
Restriction in credit
Unemployment
Negative equity impact on mobility
 Equity front loaded into mortgages
 No way out!
Current Indicators
Product
% Exports
Chemicals
59
Machinery
12
Food/Animals
8
Misc
21