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Introduction to microbiology.
Morphology of microorganisms
Vinnitsa National Pirogov Memorial Medical
University/ Department of microbiology
Microbiology is a great complex of biological
sciences about microorganisms
Branches of microbiology
 Basic or general microbiology
 Industrial microbiology and biotechnology
 Pharmaceutical microbiology
 Agricultural microbiology
 Veterinary microbiology
 Sanitary microbiology (microbiology of food,
water, soil and air)
 Medical microbiology
Branches of medical microbiology
Bacteriology
Mycology
Virology
Protozoology
Medical microbiology
Infectious microbiology
Clinical microbiology
Immunology
Taxonomy of microorganisms
Classification
Nomenclature
system )
Systematic
(binominal
Ranks of hierarchical arrangement
Kingdom
Division
Class
Order
Family
Tribe
Genus
Species
Main methods of classification
Molecular or genetics
Phenotypic classification
Intraspecies classification
Biotype
Serotype
Phagotype
Present classification of microorganisms
Cellular microorganisms
non-cellular
microorganisms
Superkingdom
Eucaryotae
Procaryotae
Kingdom
Animalia Fungi
Kingdom
Eubacteriae
Vira
Canonical viruses
Protozoa
Non-canonical viruses
Methods of morphology investigation
Light microscopy :
Immersion microscopy
Dark-field microscopy
Phase-contrast microscopy
Electron microscopy
Luminescent microscopy
Main morphological signs of microorganisms
Shape
 Size
 Cell arrangement
 Tinctorial properties
 Structure:
Capsule
Structure of cell wall
Flagella
Endospores

Cocci.
Micrococci
Diplococci
Tetracocci
Streptococci
Sarcinae
Staphylococci
Rod-shaped forms
Bacteria
Bacilli
Clostridia
Spiral-shaped bacteria.
 Vibrio
 Spirilla
 Spirochaetes
Thread-shaped bacteria
Main differences of the cell structure
Type of cell
procaryotes
eucaryotes
1-10 µm
10-100 µm
Nucleoid is not
separeted from
cytoplasm
1 chromosome (circular)
Nucleus
Have a nuclear membrane
A few chromosomes (linear)
Mitochondria
absent
present
Apparatus Golgi
absent
present
Endoplasmatic
reticulum
absent
present
size
genom
exhibited
ribosome
Within cytoplasm 70S
(50S+30S)
into ЕPR
80S
(60S+40S)
Cell wall
peptidoglycane
cellulose
endospores
+
—
Structure of the bacteria
Cell envelope:
- capsule
- Cell wall
- Cytoplasmic membrane
Outside appendages:
- flagella
- Pili or fimbria
Inside structure:
- cytoplasm
- nucleoid
- ribosomes
- mesosomes
- Intracellular inclusion
Features of the structure Grampositive cell wall
Feature of the structure Gramnegative cell envelope
Flagella
Motile bacteria may be divided into:
1.Creeping
2.Swimming
• (1) monotrichous,
• (2) amphitrichous,
• (3) lophotrichous,
• (4) peritrichous
Pili or fimbriae
1. Common-pili
2. F – pili or sex-pili
Methods for flagella revealing
Direct methods (microscopy)
Indirect methods
wet-mount
hanging-drop techniques
Intracytoplasmatic inclusions.
Volutin granules
Endospores
Historical development of microbiology
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Period before microorganisms were seen
Micrographic period (from the middle of 17th century
to the middle of 18th century ; A.van Leeuwenhoek )
Physiological period (19th century: L. Pasteur, R.
Koch)
Immunological period (first part of 20th century:
G.Bordet, I.I.Metchnikoff, P.Ehrlich, D.I.Ivanowsky):
development of immunology and the start of
development of the virology)
Modern (now-day) period (development of molecular
immunology, genetic engineering, immunochemistry,
microbial genetics and other parts of microbiology)
Antony van Leeuwenhoek
(1632-1723)
He was the first person who observed and
described microorganisms (he named their
as “animalcules”)
 He constructed first microscope with
magnification about 50 to 300 times

Louis Pasteur (1822-1895)
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He established that fermentation was the result
of microbial activity
He introduced techniques of sterilization and
made steam sterilizer, hot air oven, and
autoclave
He showed that microorganisms do not arise by
spontaneous generation
He elaborated methods of pathogenic
microorganisms attenuation
He developed rabies vaccine and anthrax one
Robert Koch (1843-1910)
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He elaborated methods of staining and cultivation of
microorganisms
He discovered causative agents of anthrax (1877),
cholera (1883) and tubercle bacillus (1882)
He proposed techniques for pure culture isolation
He elaborated criteria for proving relationship between a
microorganism and a specific diseases (Koch's
postulates)
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The microorganism must be present in every case of the disease
but absent in healthy organism
The suspected microorganism must be isolated and grown in a
pure culture
The same disease must result when the isolated microorganism
is inoculated into a healthy host
The same microorganism must be isolated again from the
diseased host