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BIOHAZARD Biohazard Defined… “Those infectious agents presenting a risk of death, injury or illness to employees.” Two Main Infectious Agents Viruses Smallest infectious organisms Take over cells, including reproductive mechanisms, and multiply inside of “host” cells Few viral infections can be treated with anti-viral drugs Bacteria Single-celled microorganisms Produce toxins that damage cells Most bacteria can be treated with drugs Infectious Disease Developed complacency in 2ND half of 20th century because of successful medications & vaccinations Est. 17 million a year pass away from diseases Bacteria & viruses develop mechanisms to resist drugs They survive and continue to multiply Antibiotics or antiviral medications either kill or inhibit growth Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) recommends using antibiotics only when needed Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) CDC focuses on disease prevention and control, health promotion and education activities, & environmental health Is the leading federal agency for health & safety, since 1946, and is an agency of the Dept. of Health & Human Services Excellent source for information about diseases www.cdc.gov Main Concerns Today TB AIDS HIV Hepatitis Tuberculosis (TB) Mycobacterium tuberculosis, slow growing organism Not as easy to transmit as the common cold, contracted likely from family & friends Breathing in respirable size water droplets in the air containing the TB virus via coughing, sneezing, & talking, etc. If droplet nuclei reach the alveoli an infection develops History of TB Until mid 1800’s, was thought to be hereditary 1865 Frenchman Jean-Antoine Villenin proved TB is contagious 1882 German scientist Robert Koch discovered the bacteria that causes the TB disease Until the 1940’s & 1950’s people that could afford it were put in sanatoriums TB History cont., In 1943 American scientist Seman Woksman discovered Streptomycin drug to kill the TB bacteria Between 1943 & 1952 two more drugs discovered, people were being cured By mid 1970’s sanatoriums were closed Since 1980’s TB is returning, building a resistance to current drugs TB Today In 1995, TB killed more than 3 million people worldwide Believed to be 2 billion carriers worldwide TB Stages 1) Latent – dormant, virus becomes active at later stage if untreated, detected by tuberculin skin test 2) Active – contagious, shows up on chest x-ray Treatment… Isoniazide (9 months), Rifenpin (2 months) Treatment… isolation for 1st 2 weeks until chest x-ray is clear, medication for 9-12 months People who have Latent TB are not infectious TB Risks & Problems People who are at high risks of contracting TB A.I.D.S & H.I.V. Diabetics & alcoholics People living in high population facilities Smokers (pipe, cigarettes, cigars, marajuana, etc.) TB problems in immigration areas of U.S., people coming from former Soviet Union, etc. Not treated Mistreated Don’t take the medications Blood borne Pathogens “Microorganisms such as viruses or bacteria that are carried in blood and cause disease” Sources of Infection Items caked with dried blood (PPE) Sharps – needles, scalpels, broken glass, etc. Body fluids – semen, vaginal secretions, saliva, etc. Pathological and microbiological wastes Others – eyes, mouth, cuts in skin, body openings Careless behaviors Sources of Infection cont., Sources of Infection cont., Human immunodeficiency virus (H.I.V.) Attacks & breaks down the body’s immune system Detected by screening test called ELISA, confirmed by Western Blot test, which is 98% accurate Can take from 6-8 weeks to several months to develop antibodies that are detectable in tests Can take up to 10 years for symptoms to develop, some much sooner HIV Infection… HIV cont., How spread and/or contracted sexual intercourse, transfusions, hypodermic needles, mucous or broken skin sites At risk employees health care workers, public safety (police, fire personnel, etc.) Stages of HIV Disease 1) Flu-like symptoms; fever, headaches, fatigue, etc. 2) After anti-bodies develop, immune system & body tissues begin to become damaged 3) 1st usual symptoms appear; swelling of the lymph glands in the throat, armpits, or groin areas 4) Serious damage develops; yeast infections & viral infections in anus & genitals, other severe infections 5) AIDS develops Overview History of AIDS 1926 – Scientists believe HIV spread from monkeys to humans between 1926 – 1946 1959 – The first proven AIDS death was a Congo man 1978 – Gay men in U.S., Sweden and Haiti begin showing signs of AIDS 1980 – 31 deaths in U.S. from AIDS 1982 – CDC links the disease to blood, President Reagan hasn’t recognized AIDS yet AIDS History cont., 1987 – Reagan acknowledges AIDS, V.P. Bush is ridiculed calling for mandatory testing (gay disease) 1988 – 107,000 diagnosed cases of AIDS in U.S., about half of those died 1993 – About 250,000 people have died from AIDS since 1980 in the U.S. Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) AIDS is the last stage of the HIV disease White blood cell count is below 200 per milliliter Presence of a severe condition or infection develops Basically waste away, no current cure for AIDS Symptoms of AIDS Thrush – white coating around mouth, tongue Discolored and/or bleeding growths Rapid weight loss Deep, dry coughing Severe diarrhea Fevers and night sweats Abnormal bruising Personality changes AIDS Statistics 36 million currently living with HIV/AIDS worldwide 22 million have passed away since the beginning Last year (2000), 3 million people passed away Hepatitis Inflammation of the liver disease Types… A, B, C, D, E A, B, & C viruses most common Hepatitis A Virus (HAV) Food borne Preventable Vaccine available, 3 series shot HAV cont., HAV virus found in stool of persons infected Usually spread by mouth Found in poor sanitary conditions, or where personal hygiene is not good HAV is also found in drinking water and water supplies where stool feces is mixed in People at Risk for HAV infections Travelers Share household with someone infected with HAV People who eat in public Men who have sex with other men Children Healthcare professions Symptoms & Prevention for HAV Eyes turn yellow, dark urine, fatigue, loss of appetite, nausea, vomiting, etc. Is most contagious in person before symptoms appear Can get Immune Globulin vaccine Hepatitis B Virus (HBV) Blood-borne, not food-borne like HAV HBV can be a lifelong infection Is preventable with vaccine, but it is not curable once contracted Symptoms (6 weeks to 6 months) – fever, chills, joint & muscle pain, abdominal cramps, Jaundice, abdominal cramps HBV Can cause cirrhosis, liver cancer, and death Killed more than a million people in 1995 Hepatitis C Virus (HCV) Related to types A & B Blood-borne Ranks 2nd to alcoholics for liver damage, alcohol speeds up progression New, 1992 was the main discovery period, need more time to research No current medication, no cure, leads to early death Interfuron can help some cases Outcomes for A, B, & C viruses Type A – preventable, curable Type B – preventable, incurable Type C – no vaccine, incurable Suggestions for Types A, B or C Stop drinking alcoholic beverages Avoid medications that are at risk to liver damage Eat well, exercise, and rest Other Infectious Diseases Whooping Cough Measles Develop small red spots, fever and flu-like symptoms Cholera Develop a series of short, convulsive coughs followed by a whoop A severe, contagious infection in the small intestine Salmonella Causes food poisoning Global Outlook on Public Health Population increases Increased # of environmental and political refugees Biosphere’s life-support systems have been disrupted Increased private cars emitting toxins Increased worldwide travel, helps spread disease Regulations Applies to one or more employees Bloodborne Pathogens - 29 CFR 1910.1030 Exposure Control Plan, required by OSHA Recordkeeping Requires employers to identify in writing where occupational exposures to blood occurs Medical records of an employee who sustained an occupational exposure related to Biohazards, must be kept for the term of employment plus 30 years Hazard Communication – WAC 296-62-054 Worker Protection Wash hands thoroughly with antiseptic soap Wear appropriate PPE Gloves, gowns, masks, mouthpieces, etc. Cover exposed cuts, abrasions, wounds, etc. Remove PPE without touching contamination Decontaminate work surfaces with appropriate disinfectant Biohazard warning labels Flourescent orange or orange-red Red bags or containers appropriate substitutes Disposal or Cleaning of Contaminated Materials Clothing should be washed at 160 F or higher for at least 25 minutes Store used sharps in puncture resistant, leak-proof container Biohazard Symbols Sources of Information Ann Riley – Director of Health Department Randy Kaiser – Safety and Health at Hospital Class Text Pamphlets at Red Cross Office Internet websites Other books at CWU Library