Survey
* Your assessment is very important for improving the work of artificial intelligence, which forms the content of this project
Download Behavioral Emergencies
Document related concepts
no text concepts found
Transcript
Radiographic Pathology for Technologists, 5th Edition Chapter 8 Cardiovascular System Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 1 2 Anatomy and Physiology Consists of: Heart Arteries Capillaries Veins Pulmonary circulation Systemic circulation Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 3 Anatomy and Physiology Heart Location Atria Ventricles Layers Endocardium Myocardium Epicardium Blood travel Gas exchange Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 4 Anatomy and Physiology Cardiac cycle Systole Diastole SA node Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 5 Anatomy and Physiology Electrocardiography P wave PR interval QRS complex T wave QT duration Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 6 Anatomy and Physiology Circulatory vessels Arteries • Adventitia • Media • Intima and lumen Veins Capillaries Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 7 Imaging Considerations Chest radiography Heart size Cardiomegaly Great vessels Vascular lung markings Pneumothorax Pulmonary emphysema Bony thorax Scoliosis Pectus excavatum Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 8 Imaging Considerations Chest radiography Technical factors • Patient positioning • Technical factors • Geometric factors • Patient factors • Image critique One of most commonly performed radiographic procedures Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 9 Imaging Considerations & Anatomy Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 10 Imaging Considerations Echocardiography M-mode echocardiography 2-D echocardiography • Real-time imaging • Transesophageal echocardiography (TEE) Spectral Doppler Color Doppler • Carotid stenosis, DVT Stress echocardiography Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 11 Imaging Considerations Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 12 Imaging Considerations Nuclear cardiology Used to diagnose CAD, congenital heart disease, and cardiomyopathy Myocardial perfusion scan • Most widely used procedure Gated cardiac blood pool scans • Used to evaluate ventricles Positron emission tomography (PET) Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 13 Imaging Considerations Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 14 Imaging Considerations Computed tomography (CT) Cardiac scoring EBCT Spiral CT CT angiography (CTA) Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 15 Imaging Considerations Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 16 Imaging Considerations Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) Recently gained in popularity for use in cardiac studies Uses cine loop May be ECG gated Magnetic resonance angiography (MRA) Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 17 Imaging Considerations Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 18 Imaging Considerations Angiography Most commonly performed procedure for cardiovascular disease Diagnostic vs therapeutic Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 19 Imaging Considerations Therapeutic angiography Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) Stent Thrombolysis Embolization Transjugular intrahepatic portosystemic stent (TIPSS) Percutaneous transluminal angioplasty Permanent catheterization Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 20 Imaging Considerations Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 21 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Fetal circulatory system • Foramen ovale • Ductus arteriosus Incidence of congenital cardiovascular anomalies Etiology • Genetic disorders • Chromosomal aberrations • Environmental factors Associated complications • Murmur Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 22 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Patent ductus arteriosus Incidence Diagnosis • Echocardiography Treatment Prognosis Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 23 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 24 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Coarctation of the aorta Incidence Diagnosis Radiographic appearance Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 25 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 26 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Septal defects Atrial septal defect Ventricular septal defect Cause Incidence Diagnosis Radiographic appearance Associated complications Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 27 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 28 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Transposition of the great vessels Incidence Diagnosis Radiographic appearance Treatment Prognosis Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 29 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 30 Congenital and Hereditary Diseases Tetralogy of Fallot Combination of four defects Diagnosis Radiographic appearance Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 31 Valvular Diseases Symptoms Associated clinical findings Diagnosis Noninvasive Invasive Cause of chronic valve disease Rheumatic fever Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 32 Valvular Diseases Valvular stenosis Cause Mitral valve prolapse Incidence Diagnosis Radiographic appearance Prophylaxis Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 33 Valvular Diseases Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 34 Congestive Heart Failure Occurrence Treatment Left-sided CHF Causes Symptoms Radiographic appearance Right-sided CHF Causes Symptoms Radiographic appearance Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 35 Congestive Heart Failure Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 36 Cor Pulmonale Cause Acute Pulmonary embolism Chronic COPD Symptoms Diagnosis Radiographic appearance Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 37 Degenerative Diseases Atherosclerosis Most prevalent disease in humans Incidence Predilection for aorta, coronary, and cerebral arteries Risk factors • Controlled • Uncontrolled Atheroma formations Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 38 Degenerative Diseases Atherosclerosis Formation of atheroma • Chronic endothelial injury • Lipid theory Ischemia Signs and symptoms Diagnosis Most common cause of CAD and CVA Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 39 Degenerative Diseases Coronary artery disease Cause Infarct Associated complications • Angina pectoris Single most common cause of death in men and women in U.S. Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 40 Degenerative Diseases Coronary artery disease Risk factors Diagnosis Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 41 Degenerative Diseases Myocardial infarction (MI) Cause • Most common—acute thrombus of coronary artery Signs and symptoms Early medical intervention Diagnosis Treatment • Thrombolytic therapy • PCTA Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 42 Aneurysms Outpouching of vessel wall Causes Classifications Saccular • Cerebral artery Fusiform • Distal abdominal aorta Dissecting Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 43 Aneurysms Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 44 Aneurysms Abdominal aortic aneurysm Majority of aneurysms Diagnosis Treatment • Surgical repair if greater than 6 cm Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 45 Aneurysms Thoracic aortic aneurysm Cause Diagnosis Treatment • Surgical repair if greater than 6 cm Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 46 Aneurysms Extremities Popliteal arteries • Bilateral • In conjunction with AAA • Diagnosis Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 47 Venous Thrombosis Cause Incidence Phlebitis Thrombus Thrombophlebitis Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 48 Venous Thrombosis Diagnosis Sonography Venography Treatment Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 49 Venous Thrombosis Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc. 50 Pathology Summary Additive Coarctation of aorta Septal defects Tetralogy of Fallot Valvular disease Congestive heart disease Cor pulmonale Mosby items and derived items ©2009, 2007 by Mosby, Inc., an affiliate of Elsevier Inc.
Related documents