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The Circulatory System. The Circulatory System The circulatory system is made of: The Heart Arteries and Arterioles Veins and Venules Capillaries Blood Functions Circulate blood to all parts of the body Transport water, oxygen and nutrients to cells Remove wastes, including carbon dioxide, from cells Maintain body temperature The Heart Composed of four chambers Two Atria (upper chambers) & two Ventricles (lower chambers). The Atria receive blood from the body, the ventricles pump blood back out into the body. The Heart The Septum divides the heart into two pumps. The left pump is the left atrium and left ventricle – full of oxygen rich blood from the lungs which gets pumped around the body. The Heart The right pump is the right atrium and right ventricle – full of deoxygenated blood from the body, gets sent to lungs to get rid of carbon dioxide and pick up oxygen. Anatomy of the Heart Heart Function The blood from the left pump (oxygen rich) does not mix with that of the right pump (oxygen poor), the septum of the heart keeps them separate. For blood to make a complete circuit around the body it passes through the heart two times. Features of the heart Located slightly left of the sternum The adult heart is about the size of a large fist At rest, the average heart-rate is 72 beats per minute Maximum Heart-rate = 220 – age At rest the heart pumps 5 litres of blood per minute During maximum work it can pump over 30 litres per minute. The Circulatory System PART B Blood Vessels Arteries – Arterioles – Capillaries – Venules – Veins. Arteries The aorta is the largest artery in the body. The left ventricle pushes the blood into the aorta and onto the rest of the body. Arteries The artery walls are elastic so they are able to expand with each heartbeat to accommodate blood. When you take your heart rate, you are feeling the pressure of the blood being pushed into the arterial system. Arteries Arteries further reduce in size to become arterioles as the network of blood vessels work their way into the depths of the body. Bleeding from an artery can be recognised by the blood spurting out with each heart beat and by its bright red (oxygen rich) colour. Arteries Coronary Artery – supplies the hearts chambers with oxygen and nutrients. Heart attacks are often caused by a blockage of the coronary artery. Smoking, drinking, eating fatty foods and lack of exercise contribute to coronary artery blockages. Capillaries The exchange of nutrients and waste between the body and blood cells occurs in the capillaries. Heat from cells is also absorbed into blood through the capillaries Exchange of materials is easy as capillaries are only one cell thick. When you begin to exercise capillaries dilate to allow increased blood flow. Other capillaries come into use through the opening of pre-capillary sphincters. Capillaries A long term exercise program may increase the number of capillaries supplying blood to muscles, allowing an increased oxygen supply to muscle and removal of wastes. Veins Veins carry blood back to the heart. Veins have no pulse, blood flow is steady and constant. The walls of veins are thin and not as elastic as artery walls. Veins. The return of blood to the heart depends on contraction of skeletal muscle. Veins are squeezed by muscle as they contract. One way valves working against gravity and prevent backflow of blood to organs and muscles. Veins. Blood Pooling after exercise is a problem if you don’t cool down. During a warm down, the muscle pump system continues to move the gradually diminishing excess blood flow around the body until it has reached a resting level. Homework Complete “Circulatory System Homework Sheet 2” The Circulatory System PART C Blood Red Blood cells: Make up 99% of all blood cells Carry oxygen to, and carbon dioxide from, the cells and muscles. Have a life span of four months Blood White Blood Cells: Exist in the body in a ratio of 1:700 red blood cells. Have a role in immune function Have a life span of a few days. Platelets: Cause blood to clot when blood vessels are damaged. Path of Blood Around the Body Oxygenated blood travels from the lungs to the left atria.. It goes down into the left ventricle which then squeezes it out the Aorta into arteries and to the muscles, organs, brain etc.. Oxygen,water and nutrients are dropped off, Carbon dioxide and wastes are picked up at the capillaries…. Path of Blood Around the Body De – oxygenated blood travels back to the right atria via the veins.. Deoxygenated blood moves from the atria into the right ventricle.. Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the right ventricle to the lungs, where it drops off carbon dioxide (plus water plus heat) and picks up oxygen.. The cycle then continues.. In short… Oxygenated blood lungs left atria left ventricle arteries arterioles capillaries (drop off O2, pick up CO2)… Deoxygenated blood capillaries venules veins right atria right ventricle lungs(drop off CO2, pick up O2).. Blood pressure Blood pressure is caused by the ventricles contracting. In arteries it fluctuates with each heart beat. The higher pressure (systolic) occurs when the ventricles contract. The lower pressure (diastolic) occurs when the ventricles relax. Blood pressure is usually described by these two limits Average blood pressure is 120/80mmHg Blood pressure In mammals, the chambers of the heart contract rhythmically and spontaneously under the control of certain group of heart muscle cells called nodes. Sinoatrial and Atrioventricular. Exercise & the Circulatory System The benefits of a long term exercise program on the circulatory system are: Greater efficiency of the heart Lower resting heart rate Increase in left ventricle size Lower blood pressure Greater blood volume Increase in haemoglobin count. Important Terms Stroke Volume – the amount of blood pumped into the systemic circuit with one heart beat. Avg. Adult female = 60ml Avg. Adult Male = 80ml In an endurance trained male under maximal conditions it could reach 160ml! Important Terms Cardiac Output – the amount of blood the body pumps in one minute. Around 5 litres at rest, up to 30 litres under maximum effort. Cardiac output = Q Stroke Volume = SV Heart Rate = HR Q= SV x HR Homework Complete Circulatory System Homework Sheet 3