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Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? - Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells - Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? - Gastrovascular cavity - digestion & distribution of nutrients - 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians Figure 42.2 Internal transport in the cnidarian Aurelia Circular canal Mouth Radial canal 5 cm Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? - Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells - Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? - Gastrovascular cavity - digestion & distribution of nutrients - 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians - Animals with more than 2 cell layers need more Figure 42.3 Open and closed circulatory systems Heart Hemolymph in sinuses surrounding ograns Anterior Lateral vessel vessels Heart Interstitial fluid Small branch vessels in each organ Ostia Dorsal vessel (main heart) Tubular heart (a) An open circulatory system -Heart pump hemolymph into large cavity -VERY inefficient due to mixing of good & bad substances Auxiliary hearts Ventral vessels (b) A closed circulatory system -Heart pump blood through vessels in a complete circuit -More efficient & consistent Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? - Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells - Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? - Gastrovascular cavity - digestion & distribution of nutrients - 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians - Animals with more than 2 cell layers need more 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems FISH AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries FISHES Gill capillaries Artery Pulmocutaneous circuit Gill circulation Heart: ventricle (V) A Atrium (A) Systemic circulation Vein Systemic capillaries A V Left Right Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Right systemic aorta Pulmonary circuit A V Right Pulmonary circuit Left Systemic V aorta Left A Systemic capillaries A V Right A V Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries - 1atrium & 1 ventricle - BP is LOW after gill capillaries - Swimming helps blood complete the circuit - single circuit - blood flows from gills directly to rest of the body Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems AMPHIBIANS AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries FISHES Gill capillaries Artery Pulmocutaneous circuit Gill circulation Heart: ventricle (V) A Atrium (A) Systemic circulation Vein Systemic capillaries A V Left Right Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Right systemic aorta Pulmonary circuit A V Right Pulmonary circuit Left Systemic V aorta Left A Systemic capillaries A V Right A V Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries - 2 atria & 1 ventricle - Mixing of blood in ventricle is INEFFICIENT - Double circulation - blood flows from ventricle to pulmocutaneous circuit, back to the heart & then from the same ventricle to the systemic capillaries Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems REPTILES AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries FISHES Gill capillaries Artery Pulmocutaneous circuit Gill circulation Heart: ventricle (V) A Atrium (A) Systemic circulation Vein Systemic capillaries A V Left Right Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Right systemic aorta Pulmonary circuit A V Right Pulmonary circuit Left Systemic V aorta Left A Systemic capillaries A V Right A V Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries - 2 atria & 1 ventricle - Mixing of blood in ventricle is less - pulmonary circuit since skin is dry - 90% ridge between right & left ventricles - ridge is complete in crocodilians Figure 42.4 Vertebrate Circulatory Systems MAMMALS AMPHIBIANS REPTILES (EXCEPT BIRDS) MAMMALS AND BIRDS Lung and skin capillaries Lung capillaries Lung capillaries FISHES Gill capillaries Artery Pulmocutaneous circuit Gill circulation Heart: ventricle (V) A Atrium (A) Systemic circulation Vein Systemic capillaries A V Left Right Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Right systemic aorta Pulmonary circuit A V Right Pulmonary circuit Left Systemic V aorta Left A Systemic capillaries - 2 atria & 2 ventricles - no mixing of O2-rich & O2 poor blood - 2 complete circuits – pulmonary & systemic A V Right A V Left Systemic circuit Systemic capillaries Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? - Transport nutrients & O2 to all cells - Transport metabolic waste to kidneys & CO2 to lungs 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? - Gastrovascular cavity - digestion & distribution of nutrients - 2 cell layered thick organisms – Cnidarians - Animals with more than 2 cell layers need more 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our circulatory system? Figure 42.5 The mammalian cardiovascular system: an overview 7 Capillaries of head and forelimbs Anterior vena cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Aorta 9 6 Capillaries of right lung Capillaries of left lung 2 4 3 Pulmonary vein Right atrium 3 11 5 1 Left atrium Pulmonary vein 10 Left ventricle Right ventricle Aorta Posterior vena cava 8 Capillaries of abdominal organs and hind limbs Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 1. Right ventricle 2. Pulmonary artery 3. Pulmonary capillaries 4. Left atrium 5. Left ventricle 6. Aorta 7. Capillaries above heart – head & arms 8. Capillaries below heart – abdominal organs & legs 9. Anterior vena cava – from above heart 10. Posterior vena cava – from below heart 11. Right atrium 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? Figure 42.6 The mammalian heart: a closer look Aorta Pulmonary artery Pulmonary artery Anterior vena cava Right atrium Left atrium Pulmonary veins Pulmonary veins Semilunar valve Semilunar valve Atrioventricular valve Atrioventricular valve Posterior vena cava Right ventricle Left ventricle Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? - Atria have thin walls – only pump to ventricles below - Ventricles have THICK walls – left is thickest - Valves prevent back flow - Atrioventricular valves – between atria & ventricles - Semilunar valves - between ventricles & exit vessels 6. How is the heart beat controlled? Figure 42.8 The control of heart rhythm 1 Pacemaker generates wave of signals to contract. SA node (pacemaker) 2 Signals are delayed 3 Signals pass to heart apex. at AV node. AV node throughout ventricles. Bundle branches Heart apex ECG 4 Signals spread Purkinje fibers Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? - Atria have thin walls – only pump to ventricles below - Ventricles have THICK walls – left is thickest - Valves prevent back flow - Atrioventricular valves – between atria & ventricles - Semilunar valves - between ventricles & exit vessels 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? Figure 42.9 The structure of blood vessels Artery Vein Basement membrane Endothelium 100 µm Valve Endothelium Smooth muscle Endothelium Capillary Connective tissue Smooth muscle Connective tissue Artery Vein Venule Arteriole Figure 42.10 Blood flow in veins Direction of blood flow in vein (toward heart) Valve (open) Skeletal muscle Valve (closed) Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? 8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity? 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 0 50 40 30 20 10 0 Systolic pressure Venae cavae Veins Venules Capillaries Arterioles Diastolic pressure Arteries 120 100 80 60 40 20 0 Aorta - Slow flow means better ability for exchange Velocity (cm/sec) - Cells flow through single file Pressure (mm Hg) - Capillaries increase surface area Area (cm2) Figure 42.11 The interrelationship of blood flow velocity, crosssectional area of blood vessels, and blood pressure Figure 42.14 Fluid exchange between capillaries and the interstitial fluid Tissue cell Capillary Red blood cell Net fluid movement out Net fluid movement in 15 m At the arterial end of a capillary, blood pressure is greater than osmotic pressure, and fluid flows out of the capillary into the interstitial fluid. Direction of blood flow Pressure Capillary INTERSTITIAL FLUID Blood pressure Osmotic pressure Inward flow Outward flow Arterial end of capillary Venule end At the venule end of a capillary, blood pressure is less than osmotic pressure, and fluid flows from the interstitial fluid into the capillary. Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? 8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity? 9. What is blood made of? Figure 42.15 The composition of mammalian blood Plasma 55% Constituent Major functions Water Solvent for carrying other substances Icons (blood electrolytes Sodium Potassium Calcium Magnesium Chloride Bicarbonate Plasma proteins Albumin Fibringen Osmotic balance pH buffering, and regulation of membrane permeability Cellular elements 45% Cell type Erythrocytes (red blood cells) Separated blood elements Functions Number per L (mm3) of blood Leukocytes (white blood cells) 5–6 million Transport oxygen and help transport carbon dioxide 5,000–10,000 Defense and immunity Osmotic balance, pH buffering Clotting Immunoglobulins Defense (antibodies) Substances transported by blood Nutrients (such as glucose, fatty acids, vitamins) Waste products of metabolism Respiratory gases (O2 and CO2) Hormones Lymphocyte Basophil Eosinophil Neutrophil Platelets Monocyte 250,000 400,000 Blood clotting Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? - Atria have thin walls – only pump to ventricles below - Ventricles have THICK walls – left is thickest - Valves prevent back flow - Atrioventricular valves – between atria & ventricles - Semilunar valves - between ventricles & exit vessels 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? 8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity? 9. What is blood made of? 10. Where do blood cells originate? Figure 42.16 Differentiation of blood cells Pluripotent stem cells (in bone marrow) Ch 43 Lymphoid stem cells Myeloid stem cells Basophils B cells T cells Lymphocytes Eosinophils Neutrophils Erythrocytes Platelets Monocytes Erythropoeitin (EPO) – kidney hormone released in response to low O2 to stimulate production of erythrocytes Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? 8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity? 9. What is blood made of? 10. Where do blood cells originate? 11. How does blood clot? Figure 42.17 Blood clotting 2 The platelets form a 1 The clotting process begins plug that provides emergency protection against blood loss. when the endothelium of a vessel is damaged, exposing connective tissue in the vessel wall to blood. Platelets adhere to collagen fibers in the connective tissue and release a substance that makes nearby platelets sticky. 3 This seal is reinforced by a clot of fibrin when vessel damage is severe. Fibrin is formed via a multistep process: Clotting factors released from the clumped platelets or damaged cells mix with clotting factors in the plasma, forming an activation cascade that converts a plasma protein called prothrombin to its active form, thrombin. Thrombin itself is an enzyme that catalyzes the final step of the clotting process, the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. The threads of fibrin become interwoven into a patch (see colorized SEM). Collagen fibers Platelet releases chemicals that make nearby platelets sticky Platelet plug Fibrin clot Clotting factors from: Platelets Damaged cells Plasma (factors include calcium, vitamin K) Prothrombin Thrombin Fibrinogen Fibrin 5 µm Red blood cell Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? 8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity? 9. What is blood made of? 10. Where do blood cells originate? 11. How does blood clot? 12. What are some CV diseases? - >50% of deaths due to CV disease - LDLs – low-density lipoproteins - bad cholesterol - Associated with arterial plaques - HDLs – high-density lipoproteins – good cholesterol - Reduce deposition of cholesterol Figure 42.18 Atherosclerosis Connective tissue Smooth muscle Endothelium (a) Normal artery 50 µm Plaque (b) Partly clogged artery 250 µm - Atherosclerosis – cholesterol plaques in arteries slows blood flow - Arteriosclerosis – hardening of the arteries due to Ca+2 added to plaques Chapter 42: Circulation and Gas Exchange 1. What is the function of the circulatory system? 2. What is the difference between a gastrovascular cavity and an open & closed circulatory system? 3. Let’s compare some vertebrate hearts 4. What is the route of blood flow through our CV system? 5. How does structure fit function of the heart? 6. How is the heart beat controlled? 7. How does blood flow through our vessels? 8. What is the relationship between vessel size, BP & velocity? 9. What is blood made of? 10. Where do blood cells originate? 11. How does blood clot? 12. What are some CV diseases? - LDLs – low-density lipoproteins - bad cholesterol - HDLs – high-density lipoproteins – good cholesterol - Hypertension – high BP - Heart attack – death of heart muscle due to blocked coronary arteries - Stroke – death of nervous tissue in brain due to blocked brain arteries