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PowerPoint® Lecture Slide Presentation
by Patty Bostwick-Taylor,
Florence-Darlington Technical College
The
Cardiovascular
System
11
PART A
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
I can describe how to reduce concussion rates
 Estimate………
 How many concussions are suffered in US per
year?
 Who suffers more, males or females?
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I can describe the anatomy of the heart
 BR – What are the two divisions of the heart?
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The Cardiovascular System
 A closed system of the heart and blood vessels
 The heart pumps blood
 Blood vessels allow blood to circulate to all
parts of the body
 function of the cardiovascular system
 deliver oxygen and nutrients
 remove carbon dioxide and other waste
products
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The Heart
 Location
 Thorax between the
lungs
 Orientation
 Pointed apex directed
toward left hip
 Base points toward right
shoulder
 About the size of your fist
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The Heart
Figure 11.1a–b
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The Heart
Figure 11.1c
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The Heart
Figure 11.2a
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The Heart: Coverings
 Pericardium—a double-walled sac
 Fibrous pericardium is loose and superficial
 Serous membrane
 Parietal pericardium
 Outside layer that lines the inner surface of the
fibrous pericardium
 Visceral pericardium
 Next to heart; also known as the epicardium
 Serous fluid fills the space between the layers of
pericardium
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Figure 11.2b
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The Heart: Heart Wall
 Three layers
 Epicardium – also known as visceral pericardium
 Outside layer
 Connective tissue layer
 Myocardium
 Thick, middle layer
 Mostly cardiac muscle
 Endocardium
 Inner layer
 Endothelium
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Figure 11.2b
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
I can describe the anatomy of the heart
 Bell Ringer – match layers of heart to type of tissue
A. Myocardium
B. Endocardium
1. Connective tissue layer
2. Endothelium
3. Mostly cardiac muscle
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C.Epicardium
Heart Chambers
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The Heart: Heart Wall
Figure 11.2c
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The Heart: Chambers
 Right and left side act as separate pumps
 Four chambers
 Atria
 Receiving chambers
 Right atrium
 Left atrium
 Ventricles
 Discharging chambers
 Right ventricle
 Left ventricle
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The Heart: Chambers
Figure 11.2c
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Differences in Right and Left Ventricles
Figure 11.4
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The Heart: Septa
 Interventricular septum
 Separates the two ventricles
 Interatrial septum
 Separates the two atria
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The Heart: Chambers
Figure 11.2c
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Heart Valves
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The Heart: Valves
 Allow blood to flow in only one direction to prevent backflow
 Four valves
 Atrioventricular (AV) valves—between atria and ventricles
 Bicuspid (mitral) valve (left side of heart)
 Tricuspid valve (right side of heart)
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The Heart: Valves
 Semilunar valves—between ventricle and
artery
 Pulmonary semilunar valve
 Aortic semilunar valve
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The Heart: Valves
Figure 11.2c
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The Heart: Valves
 AV valves
 Anchored in place by chordae tendineae
(“heart strings”)
 Open during heart relaxation and closed
during ventricular contraction
 Semilunar valves
 Closed during heart relaxation but open
during ventricular contraction
 Notice these valves operate opposite of one
another to force a one-way path of blood through
the heart
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Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Operation of the AV valves
Blood returning to
the atria, puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open
AV valves open
Ventricles
(a)
Figure 11.5a, step 1
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Operation of the AV valves
Blood returning to
the atria, puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open
As the ventricles
fill, AV valve flaps
hang limply into
ventricles
AV valves open
Ventricles
(a)
Figure 11.5a, step 2
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Operation of the AV valves
Blood returning to
the atria, puts
pressure against
AV valves; the AV
valves are forced
open
As the ventricles
fill, AV valve flaps
hang limply into
ventricles
AV valves open
Atria contract,
forcing additional
blood into ventricles
Ventricles
(a)
Figure 11.5a, step 3
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Ventricles contract,
forcing blood
against AV valve
flaps
(a)
Figure 11.5a, step 4
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Ventricles contract,
forcing blood
against AV valve
flaps
AV valves close
AV valves closed
(a)
Figure 11.5a, step 5
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Ventricles contract,
forcing blood
against AV valve
flaps
AV valves close
Chordae tendineae
tighten, preventing
valve flaps from
everting into atria
AV valves closed
(a)
Figure 11.5a, step 6
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Operation of the semilunar valves
Aorta
Pulmonary
trunk
As ventricles
contract and
intraventricular
pressure rises,
blood is pushed
up against
semilunar
valves, forcing
them open
Semilunar valve
open
(b)
PLAY The Heart: Valves
Figure 11.5b, step 1
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Operation of the semilunar valves
Aorta
Pulmonary
trunk
As ventricles
contract and
intraventricular
pressure rises,
blood is pushed
up against
semilunar
valves, forcing
them open
Semilunar valve
open
(b)
As ventricles
relax, and
intraventricular
pressure falls,
blood flows
back from
arteries, filling
the leaflets of
semilunar
valves and
forcing them
to close
Semilunar valve
closed
Figure 11.5b, step 2
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I can describe the flow of blood through heart
 Which valves:
 Separate ventricle and arteries?
 Separate atrium and ventricle?
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
 Systemic circulation
 Blood flows from the
left side of the heart
through the body
tissues and back to the
right side of the heart
 Pulmonary circulation
 Blood flows from the
right side of the heart to
the lungs and back to
the left side of the heart
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Figure 11.3
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
 Arteries
 Aorta
 Leaves left
ventricle
 Pulmonary arteries
 Leave right
ventricle
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
 Veins
 Superior and
inferior venae
cavae
 Enter right
atrium
 Pulmonary veins
(four)
 Enter left
atrium
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The Heart: Associated Great Vessels
Figure 11.2c
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The Heart
PLAY The Heart: Anatomy
PLAY The Heart: Blood Flow
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Blood Flow
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
 Superior and inferior
venae cavae dump blood
into the right atrium
 From right atrium,
through the tricuspid
valve, blood travels to the
right ventricle
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
 From the right ventricle,
blood leaves the heart as
it passes through the
pulmonary semilunar
valve into the pulmonary
trunk
 Pulmonary trunk splits
into right and left
pulmonary arteries that
carry blood to the lungs
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
 Oxygen is picked up and
carbon dioxide is dropped
off by blood in the lungs
 Oxygen-rich blood returns
to the heart through the
four pulmonary veins
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Blood Flow Through the Heart
 Blood enters the left
atrium and travels
through the bicuspid
valve into the left
ventricle
 From the left ventricle,
blood leaves the heart
via the aortic semilunar
valve and aorta
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Systemic and Pulmonary Circulations
Figure 11.3
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I can identify parts and blood flow of a cow heart
 Blood from systemic circulation enters the heart
via ______________________________
 Blood exits the heart to pulmonary circulation via
___________________________
 Blood from pulmonary circulation enters the heart
via ___________________________
 Blood exits the heart to systemic circulation via
___________________________
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Coronary Circulation
 Blood in the heart chambers does not nourish the
myocardium
 The heart has its own nourishing circulatory
system consisting of
 Coronary arteries—supply the heart muscle
with oxygenated blood
 Cardiac veins—drain the myocardium of blood
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I can describe how cardiac muscle contracts
 Which has a thicker wall, pulmonary trunk or
aorta? WHY?????????
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The Heart: Conduction System
 Intrinsic conduction system (nodal system)
 Heart muscle cells contract, without nerve
impulses, in a regular, continuous way
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Heart Contractions
 Contraction is initiated by the sinoatrial node (SA node)
 Sequential stimulation occurs at other autorhythmic cells
 Force cardiac muscle depolarization in one direction—from
atria to ventricles
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Heart Contractions
 Sinoatrial node = SA node
(“pacemaker”), is in the right atrium
 Initiates the contraction
 Once SA node starts the heartbeat
 Impulse spreads to the AV node
 Then the atria contract
 At the AV node, the impulse passes
through the AV bundle, bundle
branches, and Purkinje fibers
 Blood is ejected from the ventricles to
the aorta and pulmonary trunk as the
ventricles contract
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 http://media.pearsoncmg.com/bc/bc_marieb_ehap
_9/activities/chapter11/Act11C.html
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Heart Contractions
Figure 11.6
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Heart Contractions
 Tachycardia—rapid heart rate over 100 beats per
minute
 Bradycardia—slow heart rate less than 60 beats
per minutes
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
 Atria contract simultaneously
 Atria relax, then ventricles contract
 Systole = contraction
 Diastole = relaxation
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Filling Heart Chambers: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
contraction phase ejection phase
Isovolumetric
relaxation
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Early diastole
Figure 11.7
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Filling Heart Chambers: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Figure 11.7, step 1a
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Filling Heart Chambers: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Figure 11.7, step 1b
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Filling Heart Chambers: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Isovolumetric
contraction phase
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Figure 11.7, step 2a
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Filling Heart Chambers: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
contraction phase ejection phase
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Figure 11.7, step 2b
Copyright © 2009 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings
Filling Heart Chambers: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
contraction phase ejection phase
Isovolumetric
relaxation
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Early diastole
Figure 11.7, step 3
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The Heart: Cardiac Cycle
Left atrium
Right atrium
Left ventricle
Right ventricle
Ventricular
filling
Atrial
contraction
Mid-to-late diastole
(ventricular filling)
Isovolumetric
Ventricular
contraction phase ejection phase
Isovolumetric
relaxation
Ventricular systole
(atria in diastole)
Early diastole
 Cardiac cycle—events of one complete heart beat
 Mid-to-late diastole—blood flows from atria into ventricles
 Ventricular systole—blood pressure builds before ventricle
contracts, pushing out blood
 Early diastole—atria finish refilling, ventricular pressure is low
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ECG – Electrocardiogram
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