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Principles of Anatomy and physiology structure and function of the CV system Kevin Browne Starter Activity In pairs, write down as many structures of the cardiovascular system as you can. Once you get stuck, begin to ask other students who you are sat near to. Learning Objectives For all students to: • Identify the 3 main structures of the cardiovascular system. • Identify the 4 main chambers of the heart. • List at a minimum of 4 specific structures of the heart (not including the 4 main chambers) • For students to list 4 names of blood vessels Introduction The cardiovascular system can also be called the circulatory system. This system is the major transport system in the body by which food, oxygen and all other essential products are carried to the tissue cells, and their waste products and carbon dioxide are carried away. (Barker et al, 2007) The Circulatory System The circulatory system is also known as the cardiovascular system. It consists of… 1. Blood 2. Blood Vessels 3. The Heart True or false • The heart helps get rid of waste products in the body • There are 8 types of blood vessels in the body • de-oxgenated blood is on the left hand side of the heart • Carbon dioxide helps the heart to beat • Different blood vessels are different sizes but have the same function The Heart The heart is the centre of the cardiovascular system. It is a hollow organ situated in the left-hand side of the chest, below the sternum, and is about the size of a closed fist. It is a muscular pump, the purpose of which is to drive blood into and through the arteries in order to deliver blood to your tissues and working muscles. The Heart Cont. The heart is surrounded by a sac known as pericardium. This is a twin-layered sac, with its cavity filled with pericardial fluid, the purpose of which is to prevent friction as your heart continually moves through beating How are your ART skills? Activity 1 Individually you have to draw the structure of the heart. Worksheet The Heart The four chambers of the heart have special names: An upper chamber is called an atrium (plural: atria). right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle A lower chamber is called a ventricle. The Heart Here are some other important parts of the heart: The walls are made of cardiac muscle. The wall dividing the left and right sides of the heart is called the septum. The semi-lunar valves prevent expelled blood flowing back into the heart. Bicuspid (mitral) valve Tricuspid valve These two valves prevent blood flowing back into the atria from the ventricles. New PP The heart as a pump The heart Blood enters the heart through several major blood vessels. The blood moves through the chambers of the heart and is pumped out via blood vessels. The valves prevent the blood flowing the wrong way. blood vessels valves chambers right left Blood from the body enters the right side of the heart, where it is pumped to the lungs. Blood from the lungs enters the left side of the heart, before it is pumped to the rest of the body. What are the stages in the cardiac cycle? Blood Vessels There are 5 different types of blood vessels. Students are in 2 groups, and you have 2 minutes to come up with the answer. First group to write all 5 down and give to the teacher wins. Blood Vessels There are 5 main blood vessels: • Arteries • Arterioles • Capillaries • Veins • Venules Arteries The Major Blood Vessels Veins Arteries Arteries carry blood away from the heart, and carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery). Arteries have good elasticity and contractibility. They have thick muscular walls to carry blood at high speeds under high pressure Thick outer wall Thick inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres Narrow central tube (lumen) Arterioles • Arterioles have thinner walls than arteries. These vessels control blood distribution by changing their diameter. • Are essentially responsible for controlling blood flow to the capillaries. Capillaries Capillaries form an extensive network that connects arteries and vein by uniting arterioles and Venules. They are the smallest of all blood vessels and are very narrow and thin. This is essential to allow diffusion of oxygen and nutrients required by the cells of the body wall only one cell thick Veins Veins return deoxygenated blood to the heart. They have thinner walls than arteries and have a relatively large diameter. When blood finally reaches the veins, blood is flowing slowly and at a low pressure. Therefore contracting muscles push the thin walls of the veins inward to help squeeze the blood back to the heart thin outer wall thin inner layer of muscle and elastic fibres wide central tube (lumen) Venules • They have thinner walls than arterioles. They collect blood leaving the capillaries and transport it to the veins Blood vessels There are three types of blood vessels, as shown in this magnified part of the circulatory system. blood to the heart blood from the heart vein artery carries blood away from the heart carries blood back into the heart carries blood to and from the body’s cells Why are there different types of blood vessels? Blood vessels Click on this work sheet on the blog How does blood go around the body? PULMONARY CIRCULATION CARRIES BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE LUNGS AND BACK AGAIN SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION CARRIES BLOOD FROM THE HEART TO THE REST OF THE BODY AND BACK AGAIN The Cardiovascular system The circulatory system Deoxygenated blood is pumped from the heart to the lungs through the pulmonary artery. Deoxygenated blood returns to the heart through the vena cava. lungs body’s cells Oxygenated blood returns to the heart through the pulmonary vein. Oxygenated blood is pumped at high pressure from the heart to the body through the aorta. The double circulatory system The pulmonary circulation carries: deoxygenated blood from the heart to the lungs lungs oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the heart, ready to be pumped out to the body. The systemic circulation carries: oxygenated blood to the rest of the body through the arteries deoxygenated blood back to the heart through the veins. body’s cells