Download Chapter 9 Circulatory system

Chapter 9
Circulatory
system
---Closed tubular system
---Blood circulatory or cardiovascular S
---Lymph vascular S
The cardiovascular S
• heart
• artery
• vein
• capillary
1.
Capillaries
1) LM:
• endothelium:
• basement membrane:
• pericyte:
/flattened with processes
/function:
i. support
ii. undifferentiated cell
endothelial cell:
• processes –microvilli-like, finger-liked
• vesicle
/60-70nm, constitute about 25-35% of total
volume
/transendothelial channel
function: transport large molecules and
storage of membrane (for enlarge,
enlongated, pore-formed and microvilli)
EM: classification
①Continuous capillary:
---Structural feature:
• endothelial cell:
-more vesicles
-tight junction
• basal lamina: complete
---Distribution: CT, MT,
lung and CNS
② Fenestrated capillary
---Structural feature:
• endothelial cell: -have
fenestrae or pore (6080nm in D, with 4-6 nm
diaphragm)
• basal lamina: complete
---Distribution:
gastrointestinal tract,
endocrine gland and
renal glomerulus
③Sinusoid capillaries (enlarge capillary)
---Structural feature:
• endothelium: gap, pore
• basal lamina: incomplete or no (absent)
---Distribution: liver, spleen and bone
marrow
2.
Artery
---large A: aorta, pulmonary trunk
---medium-sized A: all named A,
diameter > 1mm (radial A, ulnar A)
---small A: 300um<D<1mm
the
1) Medium-sized A
– muscular A
---Tunica intima
• endothelium
• subendothelial layer: CT
-collagenous F
-elastic F
-smooth muscle
• internal elastic membrane:
wave-liked,
pink-colored
band- elastin
---Tunica media: thickest
layer
• smooth muscle: 10-40
layers of, circularly
• elastic F: produced by SM
• collagenous F: produced
by SM
---Tunica adventitia:
• LCT –with small BV-vasa
vasorum, NF and LV
• external elastic M
2) Large A: elastic A
---Structural features:
a. Tunica intima is thick, and internal
elastic M is not prominant
b. Tunica media: consists of 40-70 layers
of elastic membrane, CF and SM
Large A
SM
elastic M
3) Small A:
---large SA:
• internal EM
• 3-4 layers SM
• no external M
---small SA:
• no internal M
• 1-2 layers SM
2.
Veins
---three type
---correspond with A except for LV
---three layers
---structural features:
a. larger diameter, thinner walls- collapsed
b. no internal and external elastic membrane,
so the boundaries between three tunica are
not very clear
c. contains more CT, less smooth M, SM are
arranged in bundles
d. vein valve:
/infolding of tunica intima
/semilunar-liked
/prevent back flow of blood
4.
Heart
---atrium(right and left)
---ventricle (right and left)
The wall of heart
E
SE
endocardium
subendocardial layer
myocardium
epicardium
1) The wall of heart
---endocardium:
• endothelium
• subendothelial layer: more dense CTcontain fibroblast, CF, EF, SM
• subendocardial layer: LCT, with BV, N
and conducting S- Purkinje fiber
---myocardium:
• cardiac M:
a. atrial muscle:
/atrial granules: 0.3-0.4um in D, contain
atrial natriuretic polypeptide or cardionatrin
b. ventricular M: thick, long, branches
• LCT: rich in capillaries
*atrioventricular fibrous annulus: DCT
---epicardium:
visceral
layer of pericardiumserous membrane:
• mesothelium
• LCT: more fat cellsubepicardial layer
---cardiac valve:
• formed by infolding of
endocardium:
endothelium + DCT
• prevent the back flow
of blood
2) Conducting S
① components:
---sinoatriol node (SA node):
located in epicardium of
right atrium
---atrioventricular node (AV
node) and bundles (AV
bundles):
located
in
subendocardial layer
---network of Purkinje fiber:
② three types of cells
a. pacemaker cell ( P cell):
• mainly distributed in SA and AV node
• small, fusiform or polygonal in shaped
• enclosed by DCT
• less organelle: myofibril,
plasmalemmal vesicles and more
glycogen
b. transitional cell:
• mainly distributed in periphery of SAN
or AVN and AV bundle
• The structure is between pacemaker
cell and cardiac M
• thinner and shorter than CM
• more myofibril than P cell
c. Purkinje cell:
• mainly constitute AV bundle and
branches
• shorter, boarder than CM, with 1-2
centrally located nuclei
• rich in mitochondria, glycogen, less
myofibril
• well-developed intercalated disks
Chapter 10
Immune system
1. Components
1) Cells
① Lymphocyte:
a. T-lymphocytes:
• cytotoxic T cell: Tc C- kill the tumor cell,
virus infective cell and foreign cell
• helper T cell: Th C- promotes activity of
BLC and Tc C
• suppressor T cell: Ts C –regulate the
function of BLC and TC
b. B-lymphocytes: become into plasma
cell
c. NK cell: counteract virus infective cell
and tumor cell
②Plasma cell
③antigen presenting
cell:
a. dendritic cell:
• Blood DC
• Langerhans cell
• interstitial cell
• veiled cell
• interdigitating cell
b.macrophage:
Mononuclear
phagocytic system
④other cells:
• granulated cell
• mast cell
• blood platelet
• blood-borne stem cell
*Function:
i.
immunologic defence function
ii. immune surveillance function
iii. immune homeostasis
2) Lymphoid tissue
---reticular T:
• reticular cell: stellateshaped with processes to
form network
• reticular fiber
---lymphocytes,
macrophage,
plasma cell
and mast cell
a. Diffuse LT:
• no clear boundary
• mainly consists of TLC
• postcapillary venules:
-high endothelial venules
-opening for LC enter LT
from blood
b. Lymphoid nodule:
• spherical or ovoid
• have clear boundaries
• mainly composed of
BLC
• germinal center:
stained pale
* primary LN →
secondary LN
3) Lymphoid organs
a. Central lymphoid organs:
thymus, bone marrow
•
developed earlier
•
blood-borne stem cell comes from yolk sac
•
microenvironment → proliferation
promoting
•
send LC to PLD and LT two weeks before
borne
b. Peripheral lymphoid organs: lymph
node, spleen and palatine tonsil
• developed later
• LC come from CLO
• cell proliferation need antigen
stimulating - antigen dependent
• place for immune reactions
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