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f ( x)  4 x 4  11x 2  6
Solve by Factoring:
4 x
2

3 x 2
2

4x2  3
3
2
x 
4
x 2
3
x
2
x 2
2
Solve by completing the Square:
f ( x)  3 x  6 x  1
2
1  3x 2  6 x

1  3 x2  2x



1 3  3 x2  2x 1
4  3 x  1
4
2
x  1 
3
2
4
x  1 
3
2
2 3
x 1 
3
2 3
x  1 
3
Rational Root Test
Remainder Theorem


Remainder = f(k)
Example: 3x3  2 x 2  5 x  5   x  2 


2 3 2 5 5
6 8 26
3 4 13 31
 f(2)= 32   22   52   5
 38  24   10  5
 24  8  10  5
 31
3
2
Find the remainder:
8x
3

 2 x  5x  4   x  2
2
f  2  8 2  2 2  5 2  4
 8 8  24  10  4
3
2
 64  8  10  4
 86
Therefore, x = -2 is NOT a root!
Factor
Theorem
Factor Theorem

f(x) has a factor (x-k) iff f(k)=0.
Rational Zero Test

If f(x)=anxn + an-1xn-1 +… + a1x + a0
Then the possible rational roots are
factors of last term

factors of first term
Factors of the last term (a0) over the factors of the
first term (an)
Example f x   3x  2 x  5
3
2
 1,  3
1 5
Possible :  1,  5,  , 
3 3
 1,  5
Find all real roots:
f ( x)  x 3  x 2  x  1
1
Possible :
 1
1
1 1 1 1 1
1
1
0 1
0 1 0
x  1 x 2  1
x  1x  1x  1
Mult. of 2
Touches.
x  1 x  1
Goes Through
x
y
0
1
Find all real roots:
f ( x)  2 x 3  3 x 2  8 x  3
f ( x)  2 x 3  3 x 2  8 x  3
Find all real roots:
Possible :
 1,  3
1
3
 1,  3,  , 
 1,  2
2
2
1 2 3 8
2
2
3
5 3
5 3
0
x  1 2 x  5 x  3
x  12 x 11x  3
2
x  1 x  , x  3
2
x
y
0
3
Goes Through ALL
Find all real roots:
Possible :
f ( x)  x 4  5 x 3  5 x 2  5 x  6
 1,  2,  3,  6
 1,  2,  3,  6
1
1 1 5 5 5 6
1
1
6
11
1 6 11
6
6
1  5  6
0
1 5 6
x  1x  6 x  11x  6
x  1x  1x 2  5x  6
x  1x  1x  2x  3
3
2
All Go Through
x
y
0
-6
x  1 x  1 x  2 x  3
Find all real roots:
f ( x)  x 4  x 3  x 2  3x  6
Find all real roots:
Do NOT Graph.
Possible :
f ( x)  x 4  x 3  x 2  3x  6
 1,  2,  3,  6
 1,  2,  3,  6
1
 11  1 1  3  6
1 2
3
1 2 3
2
6
x  1 x  2 x  3
2
6
0
2 0 6
1
0
3
x  1x3  2 x 2  3x  6
x  1x  2x 2  3
NOT Real!
Find all real roots:
Do NOT Graph.
f ( x)  x5  3x 4  5x3  15x 2  4 x  12
Possible :
 1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  12
 1,  2,  3,  4,  6,  12
1
1 3  5  15 4 12
1
1 4  1 16  12
1
1 4  1  16  12 0
1  3
4 12
1 3  4  12 0
22 10 12
1 5 6 0
x  1x 4  4 x3  x 2  16 x  12
x  1x  1x3  3x 2  4 x  12
x  1x  1x  2x 2  5 x  6
x  1x  1x  2x  2x  3
x  1 x  1 x  2 x  2 x  3
Find all real roots:
f ( x)  2 x3  3x 2  11x  6
Find all real roots:
f ( x)  2 x3  3x 2  11x  6
Complex Numbers
Imaginary Unit (i) =
1
Complex Numbers:

Consists of a real number plus an imaginary
number

Looks like: a + bi

Can also be called an imaginary number

If a = 0, then it’s a pure imaginary number
Simplify:
7
 1 7
i 7
4
 1 4
2i
Simplify:
3  6
i 3 i 6
i
2
i 6 i 8
i
18
 1
6  8
9 2
3 2
2
48
 1
16  3
4 3
Simplify:
6i  i 2
6i   1
6i  1
1  6i
5  2i   3  8i 
8  10i
Simplify:
2i  3  5i 
6i  10i
2
6i  10 1
6i  10
 10  6i
 7  3i    2  9i 
5  6i
Simplify:
3  4i    2  7i 
6  21i  8i  28i
6  13i  28 1
34  13i
3  2i   3  2i 
2
9  4i
2
9  4 1
94
13
Simplify:
3  2i    4  i 
12  3i  8i  2i
12  5i  2 1
14  5i
 3  2i 
2
2
3  2i 3  2i 
9  12i  4i
9  12i  4 1
5  12i
2
Simplify:
3  2i
4i
3  2i 4  i

4i 4i
12  3i  8i  2i 2
16  i 2
12  11i  2 1
16   1
10  11i
17
6i
1  2i
6  i 1  2i

1  2i 1  2i
6  12i  i  2i 2
1  4i 2
6  13i  2 1
1  4 1
4  13i
5
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