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FCAT Friday DATA Analysis Assignment #37 & #33 (4th Period) Types of Graphs: 1. LINE GRAPHS Most useful in displaying data or information that changes continuously over time Summarize how two or more pieces of information are related and how they vary depending on one another 2. BAR GRAPHS and HISTOGRAMS Allow: – Comparison of groups of data – Generalizations to be made about the data quickly Bar Graphs Illustrate discrete data (distinct categories) Drawn with horizontal or vertical bars Histogram a bar graph with the adjacent bars touching each other. usually drawn only with vertical bars. used to illustrate continuous data (there are no gaps between the bars) No. of Students 3. PIE CHARTS • Show the component parts of a whole(%) • Easy to grasp. Figure 2. Music preferences in young adults 14 to 19 STEPS IN GRAPHING STEP 1: Identify the dependent and independent variables. STEP 2: Numbering the axes. STEP 3: Assign values to the origin of the graph. STEP 4: Number each square/line along each axis. STEP 5: Label both axes. STEP 6: Title the graph. STEP 7: Plot the data points. STEP 8: Connect the data points. STEP 1: Identify the Dependent and Independent Variables. A. Dependent variable Goes on the Y axis (vertical) Should be on the left side of the graph. Depth (m) Bubbles / minute Plant A Bubbles / minute Plant B 2 29 21 5 36 27 10 45 40 16 32 50 25 20 34 30 10 20 B. Independent variable Goes on the X axis (horizontal) Should be on the BOTTOM of the graph. STEP 2: Numbering the axes. The scales must include all the data points. The scales should start with 0 and increase based on intervals such as: multiples of 2, 5, 10, 20, 25, 50, or 100. The scale of numbers will be dictated by data values. STEP 2: Numbering the axes cont’d. How to determine scales: 1. Decide how many squares/lines of the graph paper to use for each axis. 2. Decide how many units of measure each square/line will represent. • Determine the range of the data to be graphed. I.V. Range: 2 m to 30 m Depth (m) Bubbles / minute Plant A Bubbles / minute Plant B 2 29 21 5 36 27 I.V.: 28 m 10 45 40 D.V.: 40 bubbles/min. 16 32 50 25 20 34 30 10 20 D.V. Range: 10 to 50 bubbles/min. • Subtract the lowest data value from the highest data value. STEP 2 cont’d: • Decide how tall and wide to make the graph (# of lines/squares to use). Choose a number that is slightly higher or easily divided by the range of data. Range of I.V. data: 28 m Depth (m) Bubbles / minute Plant A Bubbles / minute Plant B 2 29 21 5 36 27 10 45 40 16 32 50 25 20 34 30 10 20 use 30 lines for the I.V. Range of D.V. data: 40 bubbles/min. use 20 lines for the D.V. • Divide the range by the number of squares/lines, then round off to the next larger convenient number. 28 m ÷ 30 lines = 0.93 m/line round to 1m/line each line on the x-axis will represent 1 meter. 40 bubble/min. ÷ 20 lines = 2 bubbles/min./line each line on the y-axis will represent 2 bubbles/min. • By using intervals of one, two, four, five, ten, 0.5, 0.4, 0.2, 0.1, etc., you can easily judge where to place data points that fall between the written numbers on the axes. This allows plotting with precision. STEP 2 cont’d: • The intervals on each axis MUST be consistent (the same the entire length). The interval from one line/box to the next should be the same. Plant A Plant B 60 No. of Bubbles (min.) Each line is 10 bubbles/min. apart from each other. Bubbles/min. vs. Depth 50 40 30 20 10 0 Each line is 1 meter apart from each other. 2 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10 STEP 3: Assign values to the origin of the graph. Begin the y-axis at a number that is just below the lowest data value. 60 Plant A Plant B No. of Bubbles (min.) Begin the x-axis at zero. Bubbles/min. vs. Depth 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10 STEP 4: Number each square/line along each axis. Write in the numbers on the x- and y-axes. • Use the values determined Steps 2 & 3. • This should be an easy step if the two previous steps have been carried out with care. NOTE the actual data points do not necessarily appear as part numerical scales on the axes. of the • On a Line Graph: on both axes, label the lines NOT the space. • On a Bar Graph: on the x-axis, label the boxes not the lines. Bubbles/min. vs. Depth Plant A Plant B No. of Bubbles (min.) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10 STEP 5: Label both axes. Plant A Plant B No. of Bubbles (min.) Both the quantity measured and the units used must be part of each axis label. The units are placed in parentheses afterBubbles/min. or below the label for the quantity vs. Depth measured. 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10 STEP 6: Title the graph. The title should give a brief, clear description of the experiment represented by the data on the graph. Other people should be able to figure out what is plotted without asking you. Bubbles/min. vs. Depth Plant A Plant B No. of Bubbles (min.) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10 STEP 7: Plot the data points. Mark each data point with a clear, accurately placed symbol (usually a dot). Use a legend or key to explain which color goes with which set of data. 60 Plant A Plant B No. of Bubbles (min.) If multiple sets of data are being graphed on the same graph, use colored pencils or pens for the different sets of data. Bubbles/min. vs. Depth 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 Do NOT use markers or highlighters to draw your graph. 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10 STEP 8: Connect the data points Plant A Plant B Use a straight edge (ruler) to draw a continuous line. Bubbles/min. vs. Depth 60 No. of Bubbles (min.) Draw a neat, straight line that connects all the data points. 50 40 30 20 10 0 2 4 6 8 Depth (m) 10