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Transcript
Electric Potential and Electric Circuits Electric Potential Total electrical potential energy divided by the charge Electric potential = Electric potential energy Charge VOLT SI unit for electric potential – VOLT Named after Allesandro Volta (1745-1827) 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb Voltage Same as volts One volt takes 1 joule of energy per coulomb to add it to the conductor Rub a balloon in your hair It may take several thousand volts HOWEVER – it is very few coulombs – less than one millionth SO – the energy it very low Capacitors Electrical storage Uses In computers to store “1” and “0” In keyboards Photoflash bulb Giant lasers Electric fences Simple Capacitors Conducting plates separated by a small distance Connected to battery which moves electrons from battery to plate Complete when voltage on plates = battery voltage Advantage – Discharged in large quantity Can be dangerous – even when appliances are not powered. Formula C= Q/V C – capacitance (Farads or Coulombs/Volt) Q – charge (coulombs) V – voltage difference (volts) Electric Terms Voltage – electric “pressure” Current – flow of charge Resistance – Restrains the electron flow DC (Direct current) – flows in one direction AC (Alternating current) – flows back and forth Power – Rate at which energy is transferred Flow of Charge When ends of electric conductor (example-wire) have different potential energy the charge flows Flow continues until it reaches the same potential Examples Shock Flashlight Electric Current Flow of electric charge Electrons carry the charge Protons are bound to atoms In solutions, ions can carry the charge Measured in amperes (amps) SI unit (A) Amps = 1 coulomb/second Example - 5 amps wire carries 5 coulombs of charge pass a point in 1 second When there is no current, the wire has no charge Formula for Current I = ΔQ/Δt I – current (amperes or amps) Q – charge (coulombs) T – time (seconds) 1 amp = 1 coulomb/second Voltage Sources Electron pump Needs to slowly release the electrons Not all at once – like in a shock Steady flow Dry cells – chemical energy Wet cells – chemical energy Generator – converts mechanical energy Voltage provides “pressure” to move electrons between terminals Generators Average home outlets are AC Pressure of 120 volts This means there is 120 joules of energy forcing the coulombs through the wire Voltage does not FLOW through the wire The electrons are pushed by the voltage Electric Resistance Current depends on Voltage Resistance Resistance – slows the flow Depends on Conductivity of material – silver best Thickness – more thick, less resistance Length of wire - longer, more resistance Temperature – hotter, more resistance Drawing Currents Ohm’s Law Current in a circuit is directly proportional to the voltage and inversely proportional to the resistance Current = voltage/resistance I = V/R Units 1 ampere = 1 volt/ohm Double the voltage – double the current Increase the resistance – decrease the current Typical resistance Cord – less than 1 ohm 100 W light bulb – 100 ohms Iron – 15 ohms Electric toaster – 15-20 ohms Low resistance = larger current which produces lots of heat Ohm’s Law Formula V=IR V – voltage (volts) I – Current (amps) R – resistance (ohms – Ω) Resistors Radios and TV electronics Current is regulated by resistors Ranges from few ohms to millions Question What is the resistance of an electric frying pan that draws a 12 ampere current when connected to a 120-volt circuit? R = V/I = 120 V/12 A = 10 Ω How much current is drawn by a lamp that has a resistance of 100 Ω when a voltage of 50 V is impressed across it? I = V/R = 50 V/ 100 Ω = 0.5 amps Electric Shock What effects us – current or voltage? Damage comes from current through the body Current depends on voltage and resistance in body Resistance varies from 100 Ω (covered in salt water) to 500,000 Ω (very dry skin) Usually can’t feel 12 volts and 24 volts would tingle If wet – 24 volts could be very uncomfortable Effect of Various Electric Current Current in Amps 0.001 Effect Can be felt 0.005 Painful 0.010 Spasms 0.015 Loss of muscle control 0.070 Probably fatal (if through the heart) for more than one second Questions If resistance of your body were 100,000 ohms, what would be the current in your body when you touched the terminals of a 12-volt battery? Current = V/R = 12 v/100,000 Ω = 0.00012 A If your skin were wet, your resistance would be 1000 Ω, what would you feel on a 24 volt battery? Current = 24 V/ 1000 Ω = 0.024 A Shocked 120 V in house normally our shoes provide resistance Standing barefoot in bathtub – very little resistance to ground – don’t use appliances in bathtub!! Birds sitting on wire Same potential on both sides of body Only get it if they touch wires with different potential Grounded Most appliances are grounded Helps prevent potential differences All ground wires are connected together Provides a direct route to the ground What causes shock – current or voltage? The initial cause is the voltage, but the current does the damage Types of current DC – Direct current Flow of charge is always in one direction Source – batteries (wet or dry) Move from negative terminal to positive AC – Alternating current Charge moves back and forth in the line In North America – frequency is 60 cycles per second – 60 Hz Voltage North America Small appliances – 110-120 volts Large appliances – 220 volts Obtain by “combining voltage” Europe – 220 volts (more efficient) Electrons do NOT travel from power plants, they oscillate in place They sell energy, you provide the electrons in your wiring Diode One way valve in a circuit Only allows electrons to move one way Can be used to convert AC to DC current Power Rate at which electric energy is converted to another energy form Electric power = current x voltage Units – 1 watt = 1 amp x 1 volt 1 kilowatt = 1000 watts 1 kilowatt hour = amount of energy consumed in 1 hour at rate of 1 kilowatt Calculations How much power is used by a calculator that operates on 8 volts and 0.1 amps? If it is used for one hour, who much energy does it use? Power = A x V = 0.1 A x 8 V = 0.8 W Energy = Power x time = 0.8 W x 1 hour = 0.8 watt-hours or 0.0008 kilowatt-hours FYI – Speed of e- in wire = 0.01 cm/s Lighting a bulb – which one works? Must have a closed loop!! Electric Circuits Need Pathway Voltage source (battery or AC) Resistance (light, fan, bell, etc) Optional switch – stops and starts current Capacitor – hold a large voltage for quick release Diode – one-way valve Transformer and capacitors– controls current flow Types of Circuits Series – single pathway for all electrons to flow Parallel – branched pathway for electrons to flow Series circuit When switch is closed, current runs through all lamps in same path Open – when one break occurs, all flow stops Break from switch, broken wire, burned out light-bulb Series Circuit Features Single pathway – same current Total resistance = sum of individual resistance Current = voltage/ total resistance (Ohms law) Voltage drop across each device depends on resistance of the device Disadvantage of Series If one device fails, the whole circuit ceases Parallel Circuits Devices are connected to the same points in the circuit Each resistor has its own path to the voltage source If one device fails, it does not interupt the other devices Features of Parallel Circuits Each device connects directly to the voltage source. Therefore the voltage is the same across each device. Total current divides between devices. The one with the lowest resistance gets the most current (Ohm’s law) Total current = sum of current in the devices As number of devices increases, resistance decreases Schematic Diagrams Resistance Battery (2) http://www.rkm.com.au/ANIMATIONS/animation-electrical-circuit.html Combined Compound Circuits Calculating Current in Compound Circuits When resistors are in Series The resistance equal sum of devices -----^^^^^-----^^^^^^------- = -----^^^^^-----8Ω 8Ω 16 Ω Parallel (2 devices with same resistance) The resistance equal half of one device ----^^^^^-----= ----^^^^----8Ω 4Ω ----^^^^^------8Ω Another Example ----^^^^^----8Ω ----^^^^^---8Ω ----^^^^^-----^^^^^-8Ω 4Ω ----^^^^^----8Ω ---^^^^^----12Ω Overloading The more devices on a line, the more current it draws as resistance lowers Overloaded – line carrying more than a safe amount of current Fuses – put in a current in SERIES Cuts the line if it overheats Overheating caused by Short circuit (cuts the resistance) Too many devices on a line