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Passive components and circuits - CCP
Lecture 8
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Content
 Passive electronic components – role
 Passive electronic components – resistors





Electrical properties
Clasification
Parameters
Marking
Codification
2/43
Passive electronic components - role
Passive components
applications
Analog signal
processing
Digital signal
processing
EMI supressing
Power
management
Amplification
(feedback, load, bias)
RCL
Pulling up and
pulling down
R
Noise suppression
in signal line
(common mode choke)
L
Current sensing
(voltage regulator,
motor driver)
R
HF tuning and filtering
(resonant circuit)
CL
Impedance matching
R
Noise suppression
in power line
(ferrite bead, bypass cap)
LC
Energy accumulation
(inductor and cap
in DC-DC convertor)
LC
LF filtering
(active and passive filters)
RCL
Current limiting
(in LED, laser, Zener)
R
Coupling of amplifier stages
C
Attenuation and
impedance matching
R
Current sensing
(instruments)
R
Timing
RC
Passive components consumption in the
world, Billions
1000
800
600
400
200
0
1985
1989
1993
1999
3/43
Passive components - dynamics
Capacitors
Total capacitors
Resistors
Total resistors
Total passive
components
Motherboard for
Through hole ceramic
multilayer
SMD ceramic
multilayer
Capacitors Array
Through hole
electrolithics with Ta
SMD electrolithics
with Ta
Electrolithycs with Al
Bypass
Round
Through hole
SMD
Resistors array
486
58
PentiumPentium 200Pentium II Pentium
120
MMX
333MHz
III
151
15
190
300
600
32
140
200
37
80
11
15
895
1
7
32
3
159
257
4
492
92
146
64
210
188
148
336
635
346
981
1000
300
1300
165
369
593
1473
2195
73
92
4/43
Passive components/Active components
System
Cellular Phones
Ericsson DH338 Digital
Ericsson E237 Analog
Philips PR93 Analog
Nokia 2110 Digital
Motorola Mrl 1.8 GHz
Casio PH-250
Motorola StarTAC
Matsushita NTT DoCoMo
Consumer Portable
Motorola Tango Pager
Casio QV10 Digital Camera
1990 Sony Camcorder
Sony Handy Cam DCR-PC7
Other Communication
Motorola Pen Pager
Infotac Radio Modem
Data Race Fax-Modem
PDA
Sony Magic Link
Total Passives
Total ICs
Ratio
359
243
283
432
389
373
993
492
25
14
11
21
27
29
45
30
14:1
17:1
25:1
20:1
14:1
13:1
22:1
16:1
437
489
1226
1329
15
17
14
43
29:1
29:1
33:1
31:1
142
585
101
3
24
74
47:1
24:1
7:1
538
74
7:1
5/43
Resistor – history and tendencies
 1827 first resistor
 1976 first integrated
resistors
 General tendencies of
evolution:
 Performances increases
 Dimensions decreases
 Costs decreases
1W resistors:
Axial leaded
Chip
6.5
0.6
22.5
6.3
6/43
Resistor – electrical properties
 The basic relation for
resistance calculus is:
l
R
S
l
t
R
l
tw
w
[1  (T  20o C)  ]
R( f )  2,61107  f 
l
2( w  t )
D
4 l
o
R
[
1

(
T

20
C)  ]
2
D
l
R( f )  2,6110 7  f 
D
Write the values of the resistivities for the main materials used in electronics.
http://www.8886.co.uk/ref/resistivity_values.htm
http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Tables/rstiv.html#c1
http://www.istonline.org.uk/Handbook/40.pdf
7/43
Resistor – equivalent electric scheme
 Due to the constructive
particularities, each
resistor has a parasitic
inductance and a parasitic
capacitance besides the
useful resistance.
 Parasitic parameters must
be taken into consideration
at high frequencies.
Lp
R
A
B
Cp
ZR 
R  jL p
1   2 L p C p  jRC p
8/43
Problems
 For the resistive voltage
divider, determine the
dividing factor if:
 R1=1 K; R2=100 
 R1=100 K; R2=10 K 
 R1=100 K; R2=1 K 
R1
vi
R2
vo
 How is the dividing factor
modified with the frequency,
if each resistor has a
parasitic capacitance equal
with 2 pF?
9/43
Clasifications – constructiv criterion
 Discrete
 Fixed
 Variable
 Integrated
 Resistors arrays
 Resistor networks
 Embedded (included in the structure)
 In the PCB level
 In the ceramic sublayer (multicip modules – MCM)
 In silicium with thin film technology
 In the integrated circuits
10/43
Discrete resistors
 Fixed
 Variable
11/43
Integrated resistors
 Networks
 Areas
12/43
Embedded resistors
 Decrease of the total cost
of manufacturing
 Thermodynamic reliability
 Decrease of the
dimensions
 Compatibility between
different materials
 Values between 10 and
200K with tolerances
under 10%.
13/43
Clasification – liniarity criterion
 Linear
R  const.
 Non-linear
 Thermistors
R  R(t ) , t  temperature
t
R  R(v) , v  voltage
 Varistors
V
 Fotoresistors
R  R(),   light flux
14/43
Clasification – technological criterion
 Pelicular resistors – are obtained by depositing a resistiv
material (aglomerated charbon, christalin charbon,metalic
alloys, metalic oxids) into a thin layer (under 10m) on an
isolator support.
 Reeled (wired) resistors – are obtained wiring a metalic
conductor on an isolator support. The technology is used for
obtaining either precision resistors or high-power resistors.
 Volume resistors – the resistiv element represents the whole
body of the resistor.
15/43
Clasification – geometric criterion
 It concernes, in general,
the way in which
terminals are connected
to the body of the resistor:
 With surface mounted
terminals (SMD);
 With axial terminals;
 With radial terminals;
16/43
Parameters of fixed resistors
 Parameters that must be written on the body of the resistor
 The nominal resistance
 Nominal tolerance value
 Parameters written only on certain resistors
 The nominal dissipated power
 The temperature coeficient
 The superior limit voltage
 Parameters that are not written (the nominal values’
domain, the nominal domain of temperature, the noise
factor)
17/43
Series of normalised values
 In practice, resistors are not manufactured with nominal
resistances in a continuous range of values.
 The solution used is that of a serie of normalised values.
Each serie is characterised by a certain tolerance.
 The nominal values of resistances are obtained from the
values of the normalised serie by multiplication with powers
of 10.
 A certain serie covers almost all the domain of possible
values for resistances, taking into account that between two
succesiv values of the serie the following relation holds :
Ri (t  1)  Ri 1 (t  1)
18/43
Series of normalised values
 The number of values in a
series results, depending
on tolerance, solving the
equation on the right and
taking the first superior
integer for n.
 The nominal values of a
series are in a
geometrical progression
given by the following
relation:
1 t 

  10
1 t 
n
R0  1;
Ri  R0  r i
r  10
1
n
19/43
Series of normalized values
 The main normalized series are the following:
E6(20%); E12(10%); E24(5%);
E48(2%); E96(1%); E192(0,5%);
 Values of the first three normalized series:
Series
E6
E12
E24
Tolerance Power 1/n
20%
0.166667
10%
0.083333
5%
0.041667
Ratio
1.47
1.21
1.1
Normalized values
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12 13
1
1.47 2.15 3.3 4.7 6.81
1
1.21 1.47 1.78 2.15 2.61 3.3 3.83 4.7 5.62 6.81 8.25
1
1.1 1.21 1.33 1.47 1.62 1.78 1.96 2.15 2.37 2.61 2.87 3.3
20/43
Choosing resistors depending on the tolerance
 In choosing resistors for an application an
important factor is their tolerance.
 The variation of functions of a circuit with
respect to the tolerances of the
components is called sensitivity.
vO
R2
K

; R1  R 2
vI R 2  R1
1 t
1 t
1 t
K
; K min 
; K max 
1 t 1 t
2
2
R1
v
I
R2
v
O
21/43
Nominal power, Pn
 Represents the maximum power that can be dissipated on
a resistor in a regime of prolonged functioning at a
temperature equal to the nominal temperature Tn, without it
modifying its parameters.
 This parameter is written only for resistors with nominal
power higher than 2W.
 For this parameter there are 24 standardized values:
0,05W; 0,1W; 0,125W; 0,25W; 0,5W; 1W;
2W; 3W; 4W; .... 10W; 16W; ... 500W
22/43
Low power resistors
 For low power resistors
(under 2W) the nominal
power can be deducted
from the dimensions of
the resistor.
23/43
Temperature coefficient
 Apeares written on the body of the resistor only in case
of precision resistors.
 The parameter is defined as follows:
1 dR
R  
R dT
 For most resistors this parameter can be
considered constant.
24/43
The superior limit voltage, Vn
 Apares written in the case of resistors designed for
functioning at very high voltages .
 For a usual resistor it can be deduced as follows:
Vn  Pn  Rn
 For high value resistors, Vn can be limited
under the previous value by reasons concerning
the dielectrics breakdown.
25/43
The noise factor, F
 Represents the value of the noise voltage that
appears on the resistor when applying a 1V
continuous voltage.
 The noise voltage appears due to the disordered
movement of the charge carriers in the conductor.
26/43
Marking the resistors
 Marking refers to the way in which the
information written on the resistors is codified.
 Marking in the code of letters and figures
 Marking in the colors’ code
27/43
Marking with the code of letters and figures
 Marking the nominal value is made using figures and letters
as multipiliers. The letter marks the presence of the decimal
dot in the nominal value.
Multipliers: R=1; K=1.000 (kilo); M=1.000.000
(mega); G=1.000.000.000 (giga)
 For tolerance marking one can use either the marking in clear
(5%, 1%, etc.) or the letter codified one.
B0,1%; C0,25%; D0,5%; F1%;
G2%; H2,5%; J5%; K10%; M20%
28/43
Marking with the code of letters and
numbers

To avoid confusions between letters which have the
significance of both separator and tolerance, the ones that
signify tolerance are written separately from the nominal
value code (possibly on another line).
2K7
330K
M
R33
K
J
Value 2700, tolerance 5%
Value 330K, tolerance 20%
Value 0,33, tolerance 10%
 The marking of the power and the temperature coefficient is
made in clear for resistors for which is required to display
these parameters.
29/43
Marking with the code of letters and numbers
for SMD resistors
 For SMD resistors, with very low dimensions, the following
code is used.(cod EIA-96).
30/43
Marking with the code of colors
 This type of codified marking, although more difficult to
read, has the advantage that the writing is visible on the
body of the resistor regardless of its position on the board.
 The reading of the code is made starting with the colored
ring that is the closest to a terminal or with the group of
colored rings.
 For resistors with nominal values from the series E6, E12,
E24 and E48 the code has only four colored rings.
 For resistors with nominal values from the series E96, E192
and with smaller tolerance, the code has five colored rings.
31/43
Marking resistors – colors’ code
32/43
Remarks
 Some colors have no significance for tolerance (orange,
yellow and white).
 In the case of the code with four rings, the only possible
colors for tolerance are red (2%), gold (5%) or silver (10%).
 The lack of the colored ring for tolerance means the
tolerance is 20%. Therefore, in this case the code will have
only three colored rings.
Brown, black, red +gold
=10•100 5%=1K 5%
33/43
Codification of resistors
 Gives the information by which the resistors are described in
catalogs and therefore, also, in the lists of materials that are
made. For resistors produced in Romania, the code has the
following structure:
 Field I – contains three letters indicating the technological type;
 Field II – contains a figure with significance concerning the type
of capsule (the way the terminals are connected to the body);
 Field III – contains three figures indicating the nominal power;
 Field IV – contains a letter signifying the constructive variant;
 In the material lists these codes are completed with the
information written on the resistor (nominal value and tolerance).
34/43
Codification of resistors – examples
RCG-1100-L 5K1 J
RPM-3050-L 1K 1%
General usage resistor with carbon
film (coat) (RCG), with axial
terminals (1), nominal power of 1W
(100), reliable variant (L), 5,1K,
tolerance 5% (J).
Resistor with metallic film (coat)
(RPM), with radial terminals (3),
nominal power 0,5W (050), reliable
variant (L), 1K, tolerance 1%.
35/43
Codification of resistors – examples for
SMD resistors
36/43
Codification of resistors
 In general, in the electric
schemes, next to the symbol of
a resistor appears only its
reference (R1, R205, etc.) and
its nominal value (1K, 3K3,
etc.). The power and the
tolerance are mentioned only
for components that have
values different from the others.
Q1
2N3055
VI
D1
R3
D3
1R5 2W
120
Q3
BD136
R4
1N4001
Q2
BD135
VO
D4
R5
5k76
1%
DZ12
1N4001
R2
120
 This information regarding the
codification appears on the
equipment schemes as well
(assembling plans).
R1
D2
R6
6k34
1%
1k2
PL5V 6
0
37/43
Problems
 For a 100  resistor, the tolerance is t=±0,1% at a
reference temperature T0=20 oC. The resistor has a
temperature coefficient T=±20ppm/oC. The
environmental temperature is between [-30 oC; +90 oC].
1. Considering that, due to the dissipated power, the resistor
body is heated with 50 oC, which is the global tolerance
of the resistor?
38/43
Problems
2.
The resistor body temperature is modified based on the
following relation:
T  TA  60  P
where TA is environment temperature, and P is the
dissipated power. On the resistor is applied a voltage with
the waveform presented in the figure bellow. How can be
the maximum amplitude of the pulses in order to have the
global tolerance lower than tG=±0,3%?
vR
V
t[ms]
0
3
5
8
10
39/43
Problems
3. How is the maximum temperature of environment if the
voltage applied on the resistor is sinusoidal with 7V
amplitude, and the global tolerance is lower than
tG=±0,3%?
40/43
Dividing factor for R1=1 K şi R2=100 
41/43
Dividing factor for R1=100 K şi R2=10 K
42/43
Dividing factor for R1=100 K şi R2=1 K
43/43