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Electronics Principles & Applications Fifth Edition Charles A. Schuler Chapter 3 Junction Diodes ©1999 Glencoe/McGraw-Hill INTRODUCTION • The PN Junction • Characteristic Curves of Diodes • Diode Lead Identification • Diode Types and Applications The P-side of a junction diode is doped with acceptor atoms. The N-side of a junction diode is doped with donor atoms. junction P Anode N Cathode A silicon crystal Schematic Symbol Zero Bias The electrons near the junction cross over and fill the holes near the junction. Depletion region Having no carriers, the depletion region is an insulator. Forward Bias The carriers move toward the junction and collapse the depletion region. The diode is on. Reverse Bias The carriers move away from the junction. The depletion region is reestablished and the diode is off. 200 5 ohms 175 150 10 ohms mA 125 100 75 20 ohms 50 25 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Volts Resistor volt-ampere characteristic curves Forward current in mA 200 175 150 125 100 75 knee 50 25 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Forward bias in volts Silicon diode volt-ampere characteristic curve Linearity • The volt-ampere characteristic curve for a resistor is a straight line (linear). • A diode has a non-linear characteristic curve. • The barrier potential produces a knee in the diode curve. • The knee voltage is around 0.6 to 0.7 volts for silicon diodes. Forward current in mA 200 175 100 oC 150 125 25 oC 100 75 -50 oC 50 25 0 0 0.5 1.0 1.5 Forward bias in volts The effect of temperature on the diode curve breakdown 600 Reverse bias in Volts 400 200 0 20 40 60 80 Reverse current in mA 100 120 140 Silicon diode reverse bias characteristic curve Cathode lead Anode lead Cathode lead V mA Anode lead The diode is forward biased by the ohmmeter. Cathode lead V mA Anode lead The diode is reverse biased by the ohmmeter. Silicon diode ohmmeter testing • Low resistance in both directions: the diode is shorted. • High resistance in both directions: the diode is open. • Relatively low resistance in the reverse direction: the diode is leaky. • The ratio of reverse resistance to forward resistance is > 1000: the diode is good. Diode quiz At zero bias, diodes show a depletion region which acts as an________. insulator The depletion region is collapsed by applying _________ bias. forward The depletion region is made wider by applying ________ bias. reverse A forward-biased diode has its anode________ with respect to its cathode. positive Diode forward voltage drop decreases as temperature ________. increases Reverse bias in Volts 6 4 2 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 A zener diode is designed to break down and conduct backwards at lower voltages. Reverse current in mA Reverse bias in Volts 4 6 2 0 20 40 60 V I 80 Reverse current in mA 100 120 140 V The voltage across a conducting zener is relatively constant. Using a zener diode as a voltage regulator Unregulated Supply Load The load is in parallel with the zener and will see a relatively constant voltage as long as the zener is conducting. This circuit is called a clipper or limiter. When VIN < 1.2 VPP VIN VOUT VOUT is not clipped The diodes do not conduct. When VIN > 1.2 VPP VIN VOUT + 0.6 V VOUT is clipped The diodes conduct. - 0.6 V This circuit is called a clamp or dc restorer. When VIN > 1.2 VPP C is charged. VIN C VOUT dc VOUT is clamped. 0.6 V VPP - 0.6 V VOUT(dc) = 2 CEMF The inductive kick can cause damage. Transient suppression diodes can be used with inductive loads. CEMF The coil discharges through the diode and there is no arc. LED As the electrons cross the junction, they lose energy in the form of photons. LED circuit RS Power supply VS VD LED IS = VS - VD RS The typical voltage drop for most LEDs is from 1.5 to 2.5 V. RS Power supply VS Photodiode Photodiodes are reverse biased and conduct in the presence of light. Input Output Input Optocoupler Output Step-index multimode fiber Input pulse Output pulse The combined shorter and longer path lengths act to stretch the output pulse. Step-index multimode fiber Due to pulse stretching, high speed data transmission is not possible. Input Output Single mode fiber Input Output A single path means no pulse stretching and high speed data transmission is possible. Tuning diode L C ZERO BIAS C is maximum and fR is minimum. Tuning diode L C REVERSE BIAS C is less and fR increases. Tuning diode L C MAX. REVERSE BIAS C is minimum and fR is maximum. Diode applications quiz A circuit used to control the amplitude of a signal is the ________. clipper A circuit used to add a dc component to a signal is the ________. clamp A device containing an LED and a photodiode is the ________. optocoupler A tuning diode shows less capacitance as reverse bias ________. increases The device that is often used to regulate voltage is the ________ diode. zener REVIEW • The PN Junction • Characteristic Curves of Diodes • Diode Lead Identification • Diode Types and Applications