Download AC-DC-II

Instrumental Analysis
AC Circuits
Alternating Currents I
Alternating Currents II
Alternating Signals
Alternating Signals with different
amplitudes and phases I
Alternating Signals with different
amplitudes and phases II
Alternating and Direct Currents –
Root Mean Square Values
Capacitors
Capacitor –
pair of conductors separated by a
dielectric substance (electrical insulator).
Similar to a temporary storage battery.
Conductors
Dielectric
RC Circuits II
C  capacitanc e
Q  electrical charge
Q  CV
in ac circuits
q  CvC
dvC
dq
 C
i 
dt
dt
RC Circuits III
Vi  vC  vR
q
Vi   iR
C
dVi
1 dq
di
0
R
dt
C dt
dt
1 dq
di
 R
C dt
dt
RC Circuits IV
1 dq
i
di

 R
C dt
C
dt
di
dt

i
RC
i di
t dt
Iinit i   0 RC
t / RC
i  I inite
RC Circuits V
t dt
di
Iinit i   0 RC
t / RC
i  I inite
i
RC Circuits VI
i  I inite
 t / RC
vR  vi e t / RC
vC  vi (1  e t / RC )
RC Circuits with ac Source I
C
ac
source
R
vi  V p sin 2 ft
i  I p sin 2 ft
RC Circuits with ac Source II
C
ac
source
R
Phase Shift
i  I p sin 2 f
dvC
dq
i 
C
dt
dt
dvC
C
 I p sin 2 ft
dt
RC Circuits with ac Source III
C
ac
source
R
Phase Shift
dvC
C
 I p sin 2 ft
dt
Ip t
vC 
sin 2 ft dt

C 0
Ip
vC 
( cos 2 ft )
2fC
Ip
vC 
sin (2 ft  90)
2fC
vC  V p sin (2 ft  90)
i  I p sin 2 ft
Capacitive Reactance I
Vp  I p C
 C  capacitive reactance
(like resistance in a resistor)
Compare equations Ip
vC 
sin (2 ft  90)
2 fC
vC  V p sin (2 ft  90)
Vp 
Ip
2 fC
Capacitive Reactance II
Vp  I p C
Vp 
C 
Ip
2 fC
Vp
Ip

Ip
I p 2 fC
1
C 
2 fC
Impedance “Z” in a RC Circuit
Z 
 1 

R  
 2 fC 
2
2
Ohm’s Law for RC Circuits
Ip 
Vp
Z

Vp
 1 

R  
 2 fC 
2
2
Vp  I p Z  I p
 1 

R  
 2 fC 
2
2
RC Filters I
High/Low Pass
Low Pass
High Pass
Ip 
(V p ) i
Z
(V p ) o  I p  C
(V p ) i

2
 1 

R  
2

fC


Voltage across resistor is in phase with current
(V p ) o
Ip 
R
(V p ) o
R

(V p ) i
Z
2
Ip 
(V p ) i
(V p ) o 
Z
(V p ) i
Z
(V p ) o
C

(V p ) i
Z
C
RC Filters II
High/Low Pass
High Pass
Low Pass
(V p ) o
(V p ) o
R

(V p ) i
Z
C

(V p )i
Z
RC Filters III
High/Low Pass
Multimeters I
Voltage
Measurements
Current
Measurements
Resistance
Measurements
Multimeters II
Semiconductors
Diodes I
+
Si doped with
Gp III elements, In or Ga
Si doped with
Gp V elements, As or Sb
-
Semiconductors
Diodes II
Semiconductors
Diodes III
Forward Bias
Reverse Bias
Semiconductors
Transistors I
pnp-type
npn-type
Semiconductors
Transistors II
output
I E  I B  IC
input
IC  I E
I IBB
Semiconductors
Transistors IV
Transformers
Rectifiers
Rectified Voltage
ac  dc
Filtered Voltage
ac  dc