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Instrumental Analysis AC Circuits Alternating Currents I Alternating Currents II Alternating Signals Alternating Signals with different amplitudes and phases I Alternating Signals with different amplitudes and phases II Alternating and Direct Currents – Root Mean Square Values Capacitors Capacitor – pair of conductors separated by a dielectric substance (electrical insulator). Similar to a temporary storage battery. Conductors Dielectric RC Circuits II C capacitanc e Q electrical charge Q CV in ac circuits q CvC dvC dq C i dt dt RC Circuits III Vi vC vR q Vi iR C dVi 1 dq di 0 R dt C dt dt 1 dq di R C dt dt RC Circuits IV 1 dq i di R C dt C dt di dt i RC i di t dt Iinit i 0 RC t / RC i I inite RC Circuits V t dt di Iinit i 0 RC t / RC i I inite i RC Circuits VI i I inite t / RC vR vi e t / RC vC vi (1 e t / RC ) RC Circuits with ac Source I C ac source R vi V p sin 2 ft i I p sin 2 ft RC Circuits with ac Source II C ac source R Phase Shift i I p sin 2 f dvC dq i C dt dt dvC C I p sin 2 ft dt RC Circuits with ac Source III C ac source R Phase Shift dvC C I p sin 2 ft dt Ip t vC sin 2 ft dt C 0 Ip vC ( cos 2 ft ) 2fC Ip vC sin (2 ft 90) 2fC vC V p sin (2 ft 90) i I p sin 2 ft Capacitive Reactance I Vp I p C C capacitive reactance (like resistance in a resistor) Compare equations Ip vC sin (2 ft 90) 2 fC vC V p sin (2 ft 90) Vp Ip 2 fC Capacitive Reactance II Vp I p C Vp C Ip 2 fC Vp Ip Ip I p 2 fC 1 C 2 fC Impedance “Z” in a RC Circuit Z 1 R 2 fC 2 2 Ohm’s Law for RC Circuits Ip Vp Z Vp 1 R 2 fC 2 2 Vp I p Z I p 1 R 2 fC 2 2 RC Filters I High/Low Pass Low Pass High Pass Ip (V p ) i Z (V p ) o I p C (V p ) i 2 1 R 2 fC Voltage across resistor is in phase with current (V p ) o Ip R (V p ) o R (V p ) i Z 2 Ip (V p ) i (V p ) o Z (V p ) i Z (V p ) o C (V p ) i Z C RC Filters II High/Low Pass High Pass Low Pass (V p ) o (V p ) o R (V p ) i Z C (V p )i Z RC Filters III High/Low Pass Multimeters I Voltage Measurements Current Measurements Resistance Measurements Multimeters II Semiconductors Diodes I + Si doped with Gp III elements, In or Ga Si doped with Gp V elements, As or Sb - Semiconductors Diodes II Semiconductors Diodes III Forward Bias Reverse Bias Semiconductors Transistors I pnp-type npn-type Semiconductors Transistors II output I E I B IC input IC I E I IBB Semiconductors Transistors IV Transformers Rectifiers Rectified Voltage ac dc Filtered Voltage ac dc