Download CAPVT NULLA (Chapter 0) - Outline

CAPVT NULLA (Chapter 0)
NOMINATIVVS ET
ACCUSATIVVUS
Nominative and
Accusative
S/InV
Subject + Intransitive Verb
INTRANSITIVE verbs do
NOTE: _______________
NOT have a ______________,
DIRECT OBJECT
while _____________verbs
do.
TRANSITIVE
Exemplum gratis (e.g.)
Subject + Intransitive Verb
ii. Caesar cōgitat.
“Caesar plans.”
S/TrV Do
Subject (something doing the
action)
+
Transitive Verb
+
Direct Object (something receiving
the action)
Exemplum gratis (e.g.)
Subject+Transitive Verb+ Direct Object
Puer puellam amat.
“The boy loves the girl.”
LV = Linking Verb
A LINKING VERB shows that the
subject and the predicate are actually
equal.
Magister Olimpi is the Latin teacher.
Magister Olimpi = Latin teacher.
S/LV/PN
SUBJECT
+
LINKING VERB
+
PREDICATE NOUN
S/LV/PN
• Uses a LINKING VERB (usually a form of “IS”)
followed by a NOUN.
• There is no DIRECT OBJECT or RECEIVER of any
action:
• the PREDICATE NOUN simply MODIFIES the
subject.
S/LV/PN
Venus est dea.
Venus is a goddess.
Venus = a goddess.
Ovidius et Vergilius sunt poetae.
“Ovid and Virgil are poets.
Can you idenify:
a. the predicate noun?
b. the subject?
c. what kind of verb is used?
S/LV/PA
• Uses a LINKING VERB (usually a
form of ”IS”) followed by an
ADJECTIVE.
• There is no DIRECT OBJECT or
RECEIVER of any action: the
PREDICATE ADJECTIVE simply
DESCRIBES the subject.
S/LV/PA
Rōma est magna.
Rome is great.
Rome = great.
S/LV/PA
Graecī nōn sunt stultī.
The Greeks are not foolish.
The Greeks ≠ foolish.
(the “nōn” negates the verb)
NOTE: prepositions
Prepositional phrases are never
direct object, predicate nouns,
predicated adjectives, etc.
Then, what do you do with
them?
NOTE: prepositions
When you’re figuring out the
sentence pattern, IGNORE
THEM!
Put ‘em in brackets.
NOTE: prepositions
Caesar puellam videt [in
in Rōmā.
Rōmā].
Subject
CaesarDirect
seesObject
the Verb
girl in Rome.
↑
Prepositional phrase in BRACKETS.
Don’t consider it.
Momentarily forget that it is there.
exercitiō
Now try “Exercitiō I”
(pagina IV in the handout)
Subject and Direct Object
In English, the SUBJECT and
the DIRECT OBJECT are
determined by WORD
ORDER alone.
Subject and Direct Object
Compare the following pairs of sentences:
a. Marcus hits Quintus.
Quintus hits Marcus.
b. The Greeks overcome the Trojans.
The Trojans overcome the Greeks.
c. The girl loves the roses.
The roses love the girl.
Subject and Direct Object
• B. Each sentence has a
performer/doer and a receiver
of the action.
• (The Performer is the
Subject; the Receiver is the
Direct Object)
Subject and Direct Object
• Here are those sentences in Latin:
• a. Marcus Quintum pulsat.
Quintus Marcum pulsat.
• b. Graecī Trōiānōs superant.
Trōiānī Graecōs superant.
• c. Puella rosās amat.
Rosae puellam amat.
QUAESTIO:
Looking between the Latin and
the English, do you notice
anything this is the English but
NOT in the Latin?
THERE ARE NO ARTICLES
IN THE LATIN LANGUAGE!
The English Articles:
a, an, the
Nouns that end in –a (exemplum:“puella”)
a.)As the subject, the Latin word
for “girl” is “puella”.
b.) As the direct object, the
word becomes “puellam.”
Nouns that end in –a (exemplum:“puella”)
c.) The ending -a is replaced
with -am.
d.) Looking at the word “rosa” we see
that the plural “roses” is rosae, when
it is the subject, and rosās when it is
the direct object.
CASES
• e.) When a word is in its
“subject form” it is said to be
in the NOMINATIVE case.
• f.) When a word is in its “direct
object form” is it said to be in
the ACCUSATIVE case.
CASES
NOUNS ending in “-a” in the
NOMINATIVE CASE are said
to be FEMININE.
These nouns are said to be in the
“First Declension.”
CASES
Nouns that end in –us (exemplum:
Marcus) –
The SECOND DECLENSION.
FINDING THE BASE
The base of a noun is the part
which stays the same when the
endings change.
Ex. “rosa” and “rosam”
The STEM is ros-.
FINDING THE BASE
To FIND the base:
Drop the ending off of the Second
Principle Part.
rosa, rosae
ros (f.) – rose
↑The ending
FINDING THE BASE
Using your vocabulary list, find the bases of the
following nouns:
1) puella
2) philosophia
3) agricola
4) nauta
puellphilosophiagricolnaut-
SECOND DECLENSION
• a. Notice in example sentence “a”
that Marcus is “Marcus” when he
is the SUBJECT and “Marcum”
when he is the DIRECT OBJECT
(and notice that it is the same for
Quintus).
SECOND DECLENSION
b. In the plural, “the Greeks” as the
subject is Graecī , but it becomes
Graecōs when it is the direct
object (and it is the same for the
Trojans).