Download WESTEST_2_Prep - Mrs. Alexander`s Site

PREPARATION FOR:
WESTEST 2
READING
Why Read?
 Reading helps you to not only gain
knowledge, but is entertaining as well.
 Read every day!
 Ex: novels, magazines, newspapers, textbooks, etc.
How to be a Great Reader
 Use the following techniques to help you
understand what you are reading.
Making Connections
 Activating prior knowledge to make
connections before, during, and after
reading
 Storing new information with other
related memories
Visualizing/Sensory Images
 Creating pictures in the mind using all of
the senses and emotions
Inferring
 Using background knowledge, combined
with evidence from the text, to make
inferences and draw conclusions
Determining Importance
 Identifying the main ideas, what the
author considers important, and the
theme
Monitoring for Meaning
 Using context clues when you come to
an unknown word or a confusing part of
the text
Skimming and Scanning
 Skimming is to glance through something
quickly to get an overall picture of what you
are reading.
 Scanning is looking for facts in a group of
words to answer a question, such as a year,
name, etc.
Main Idea
 The heart of the text or a paragraph.
 It is the controlling idea.
 All the other supporting details in the text
or within a paragraph should tell us more
about the main idea.
The Topic Sentence
 Many paragraphs have topic sentences that
indicate what their about.
 The topic sentence is highlighted in this
paragraph:
Homeless people have many problems. In
winter, it’s hard to stay warm and it gets too
hot in summer. It’s also hard to keep things
safe without a home. Worst is the lack of
privacy.
Supporting Details
 Supporting details prove the value of the
main idea. What are they here?
Homeless people have many problems. In
winter, it’s hard to stay warm and it gets too
hot in summer. It’s also hard to keep things
safe without a home. Worst is the lack of
privacy.
Cause and Effect
 What is a CAUSE?
 It is what makes something happen
 Example: The floor was wet...
 What is an EFFECT?
 It is what happens
 Example: so I slipped and fell.
Fact or Opinion
 A fact is something that is true; it can be
proven.
 Ex: Some species of animals have become extinct.
 An opinion is what someone thinks.
 Ex: Rap is the best music.
Synonyms and Antonyms
 Synonyms are words that mean the same
thing.
 Ex: cold, freezing, chilly
 Antonyms are words that mean the opposite.
 Ex: hot, cold; young, old
Analogies
 A comparison showing how two things relate
to each other.
 Analogies can show similarities.
 Ex: edible:digestable::rest:sleep
 Analogies can show differences.
 Ex: hot:cold::wet:dry
Homographs
 A word that has the same spelling as another
word, but a different meaning.
 The two words often have different parts of
speech.
 Ex: contract
 con’tract – n. an agreement to do something.
 Con tract’- v. to reduce in size or shrink.
Classifying
 Placing similar things into categories.
 Ex: January, February, and March are classified as
months.
Generalization
 A statement or rule that applies to many
situations or examples.
 Ex: All children get into trouble at one time or
another.
Types of Reading Materials
Types of Works:
 Fiction
 Tall tales
 Non-fiction
 Supernatural tales
 Myths
 Poems
 Fantasies
 Biographies
 Autobiographies
 Science fiction
Fiction
 An invented story
 Ex: Peter Pan
Non-fiction
 A true story
 Ex: Abraham Lincoln:
The Prairie Years, The
War Years
Myths
 A traditional story in a culture passed down
from generation to generation.
 Ex: Hercules
Poems
 A type of literature that expresses ideas, feelings, or
tells a story in a specific form (usually using lines and
stanzas)
 Ex: “Annabel Lee”
by Edgar Allan Poe
It was many and many a year ago,
In a kingdom by the sea,
That a maiden there lived whom you may know
By the name of Annabel Lee;
And this maiden she lived with no other thought
Than to love and be loved by me.
POINT OF VIEW IN POETRY
POET
 The poet is the
author of the
poem.
SPEAKER
The speaker of the
poem is the
“narrator” of the
poem.
POETRY FORM
 FORM - the
appearance of the
words on the page
 LINE - a group of
words together on
one line of the poem
 STANZA - a group of
lines arranged
together
A word is dead
When it is said,
Some say.
I say it just
Begins to live
That day
KINDS OF STANZAS
Couplet
Triplet (Tercet)
Quatrain
Quintet
Sestet (Sextet)
Septet
Octave
=
=
=
=
=
=
=
a two line stanza
a three line stanza
a four line stanza
a five line stanza
a six line stanza
a seven line stanza
an eight line stanza
SOUND EFFECTS IN POETRY
RHYTHM
 The beat created by the sounds of the
words in a poem
 Rhythm can be created by meter, rhyme,
alliteration and refrain
METER
 A pattern of stressed and unstressed syllables.
 Meter occurs when the stressed and
unstressed syllables of the words in a poem
are arranged in a repeating pattern.
 When poets write in meter, they count out
the number of stressed (strong) syllables and
unstressed (weak) syllables for each line.
They repeat the pattern throughout the
poem.
FREE VERSE POETRY
 Unlike metered
Free verse poetry is
poetry, free verse
very conversational
poetry does NOT
have any repeating - sounds like
someone talking
patterns of
stressed and
with you.
unstressed
syllables.
 Does NOT have
rhyme.
A more modern type
of poetry.
RHYME
 Words sound alike
because they share
the same ending
vowel and
consonant sounds.
 (A word always
rhymes with itself.)
LAMP
STAMP
Share the short “a”
vowel sound
Share the combined
“mp” consonant
sound
END RHYME
 A word at the end of one line rhymes with a
word at the end of another line
Hector the Collector
Collected bits of string.
Collected dolls with broken heads
And rusty bells that would not ring.
SAMPLE RHYME SCHEME
The Germ by Ogden Nash
A mighty creature is the germ,
Though smaller than the pachyderm.
His customary dwelling place
Is deep within the human race.
His childish pride he often pleases
By giving people strange diseases.
Do you, my poppet, feel infirm?
You probably contain a germ.
a
a
b
b
c
c
a
a
ONOMATOPOEIA
 Words that imitate the sound they are
naming
BUZZ
 OR sounds that imitate another sound
“The silken, sad, uncertain, rustling of
each purple curtain . . .”
ASSONANCE
 Repeated VOWEL sounds in a line or lines of
poetry.
(Often creates near rhyme.)
Lake
Fate
Base
Fade
(All share the long “a” sound.)
Examples of ASSONANCE:
“Slow the low gradual moan came in the snowing.”
-John Masefield
ALLITERATION
 Repetition of similar consonant sounds
 Think of tongue twisters
 Ex: Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers.
SOME TYPES OF POETRY
LYRIC
 A short poem
 Usually written in first person point of view
 Expresses an emotion or an idea or describes
a scene
 Do not tell a story and are often musical
 (Many of the poems we read will be lyrics.)
HAIKU
A Japanese poem written
in three lines
Five Syllables
Seven Syllables
Five Syllables
An old silent pond.
A frog jumps into
the pond.
Splash! Silence
again.
CINQUAIN
A five line poem
containing 22
syllables
Two Syllables
Four Syllables
Six Syllables
Eight Syllables
Two Syllables
How frail
Above the bulk
Of crashing water
hangs
Autumnal,
evanescent, wan
The moon.
SHAKESPEAREAN SONNET
 A poem that tells a story.
 Generally longer than the lyric styles of
poetry b/c the poet needs to establish
characters and a plot.
 Examples of Narrative Poem: “Casey at the
Bat”
CONCRETE POEMS
 In concrete poems,
the words are
arranged to create a
picture that relates
to the content of the
poem.
Poetry
Is like
Flames,
Which are
Swift and elusive
Dodging realization
Sparks, like words on the
Paper, leap and dance in the
Flickering firelight. The fiery
Tongues, formless and shifting
Shapes, tease the imagination.
Yet for those who see,
Through their mind’s
Eye, they burn
Up the page.
FIGURATIVE LANGUAGE
SIMILE
 A comparison of two things using “like, as
than,” or “resembles.”
 “I am as hungry as a horse.”
 “You run like a rabbit.”
METAPHOR
 A direct comparison of two unlike things
 “He is a tornado tearing around the room.”
 “The girl was a fish in the water.”
Hyperbole
 Exaggeration often used for emphasis.
Idiom
 An expression where the literal meaning of
the words is not the meaning of the
expression. It means something other than
what it actually says.
 Ex. It’s raining cats and dogs.
OTHER POETIC DEVICES
SYMBOLISM
 When a person, place, thing, or event that
has meaning in itself also represents, or
stands for, something else.
= America
Allusion
 Allusion comes
from the verb
“allude” which
means “to refer to”
 An allusion is a
reference to
something famous.
A tunnel walled and overlaid
With dazzling crystal: we had read
Of rare Aladdin’s wondrous cave,
And to our own his name we gave.
From “Snowbound”
John Greenleaf Whittier
IMAGERY
 Language that appeals to the senses.
 Most images are visual, but they can also
appeal to the senses of sound, touch, taste, or
smell.
…then with cracked hands that ached
from labor in the weekday weather . . .
from “Those Winter Sundays”
MYTHS, LEGENDS AND
FOLKTALES
myths, legends and folktales
 Storytelling is common to every culture. Many
people enjoy listening to stories.
 Most people have their own favorite story from
childhood. Often, these tales are both fascinating
and frightening. These stories include legends,
myths and folktales.
What are legends?
 A legend is a semi-true story, which has been
passed on from person-to-person.
 It has important meaning or symbolism for
the culture in which it originates.
 A legend usually includes an element of truth,
but has “mythical qualities.”
 Legends usually involve heroic characters .
What are myths?
A myth is a story based on tradition or legend.
It has a deep symbolic meaning.
Myths are often used to explain universal
beginnings and involve supernatural beings.
The great power of these stories is a major
reason why they survive as long as they do sometimes for thousands of years.
What are folktales?
 A folktale is a popular story passed on in spoken
form, from one generation to the next.
 Usually the author is unknown and there are often
many versions of the tale.
 Folktales comprise fables, fairy tales, old legends
and even “urban legends.”
 Some tales may have been based on a partial truth
that has been lost or hidden over time. Folk tales
are often referred to as Tall Tales.
Folktales / Tall Tales
 A tall tale is a story that stretches the
imagination through colorful figurative
language and exaggerations.
 Tall tales are also known as lying tales; they are
humorous exaggerations.
 Tall tales may come from other countries but we
are most familiar with American ones.
Attributes of tall tales
 Tall tales are often about the frontier days in the United States. They
are an exaggeration of the hardships of frontier life.
 Tall tales often feature over-sized people and exaggerated deeds.
 Ex: Paul Bunyan and his big blue ox, Babe
A representative of good and
evil in characters
 Stereotypes e.g. Animals e.g. wolves are bad;
rescuers are male
 The representative of certain values, wealth=
happiness, beauty = happiness
 The involvement of supernatural forces, e.g.
fairy godmothers, creatures that can talk
 Tales are based around themes like trickery
and foolishness
Summarizing the outcome of
the myth or legend
 “But still to this day…”
 “So every time you see…”
 These comments sum up how things came to
be.
What makes a hero?
 A hero is someone who is noticed for his or
her courage or ability.
 They are admired for brave deeds and noble
qualities.
ELEMENTS OF FICTION :
UNDERSTANDING LITERATURE
Why do we read fiction?
 Two reasons: enjoyment and understanding.
 Two types:
 Commercial Fiction- Written primarily to make money; it helps
large numbers of people escape the stress of their lives. Exampleslegal thrillers, romance novels, fantasy, horror, easy-to-read short
stories and New York Times best sellers.
 Literary Fiction- Written by someone with serious artistic intentions
who hopes to broaden, deepen, and sharpen the reader’s awareness
of life. Plunges the reader more deeply into the real world, enabling
us to understand life’s difficulties and to empathize with others.
The Elements of Fiction
*Plot and Structure
*Characterization
*Theme
*Setting
*Point of View
*Style
Plot and Structure
 Plot- The sequence of incidents or events through which an author
constructs a story.
 Important elements of Plot:
*Conflict- A clash of actions, ideas, desires, or wills
Types of Conflict: Person vs. Person, Person vs. Environment,
Person vs. Self.
*Protagonist- The main character in a conflict .
*Antagonist- Any force , person, etc. that is against the main
character .
*Suspense- The quality in a story that makes readers ask, “What’s
going to happen next?”
Plot and Structure
(cont.)
Endings*Happy Ending- Everything ends well for the main
character.
*Unhappy Ending- Life doesn’t always have a pleasant
end, which can be seen in literary fiction.
*Indeterminate Ending- No definitive ending is reached.
This leaves the reader to think about the many issues
raised through the story without being handed a
solution.
Characterization
 Who a person, or character, is.
 Characters are presented in two different ways- directly
and indirectly.
• Direct Presentation- The reader is told straight out what
the character is like.
• Indirect Presentation- The author shows the character
through their actions; the reader determines what the
character is like by what they say or do.
• Dramatization- Characters are shown speaking and
behaving, as in a play.
Theme
 The theme of a piece of fiction is its main idea.
Setting
The setting of a story is its overall context- where, when and in what
circumstances the action occurs.
 Setting as Place- The physical environment where the story takes
place. The description of the environment often points towards its
importance.
 Setting as Time- Includes time in all of its dimensions. To
determine the importance, ask, “what was going on at that time?”
 Setting as Cultural Context- Setting also involves the social
circumstances of the time and place. Consider historical events
and social and political issues of the time.
 Effects of Setting- Creates atmosphere, gives insight to characters,
and provides connections to other aspects of the story.

Point
View
Point of View of
is simply
who is telling the story.
*Ask yourself, “Who is telling the story”, and “How much do
they know?”
Omniscient POV- The story is told in third person by a narrator
who has unlimited knowledge of events and characters.
Third Person Limited POV- The story is told in third person but
from the view point of a character in the story. POV is
limited to the character’s perceptions and shows no direct
knowledge of what other characters are thinking, feeling,
or doing.
First Person POV- The author disappears into one of the
characters. Shares the limitations of third person limited.
Uses the pronouns “I” and “we”.
Second Person POV- Uses the pronoun “you”. Not used often.
Style
 Style is the manner in which an author uses words,
constructs sentences, incorporates non-literal
expressions, and handles rhythm, timing, and tone.
 When asked to discuss style, you are being asked to
describe how or explain why the words, sentences, and
imaginative comparisons are effective in terms of what
is being created.
Transitional Words and
Language
 a passage that connects a topic to one that
follows
 passage - a section of text; particularly a section
of medium length
 flashback - a transition to an earlier event or scene
that interrupts the normal chronological
development of the story
 flash-forward - a transition to a later event or
scene that interrupts the normal chronological
development of the story
Resource Materials
Encyclopedia
 Set of books or CD ROM with general
information on many subjects.
Atlas
 Collection of maps
Almanac
 Contains tables and charts of information and
statistics.
Card/computer catalog
 Library resource showing books available by
author, title, or topic.
dictionary
 Contains alphabetical listing of words with
their meanings, place of origin, part of
speech, pronunciation, etc.
thesaurus
 Gives synonyms and antonyms of words
Reader’s Guide to Periodical
Literature
 Index of articles in newspapers or magazines
Telephone Book
 Used to look up phone numbers and
addresses of people and businesses.
 Ex: Find the phone number of Dr. Judith Romano
to call the hospital when your little sister is sick.
Recipes
 Shows you how to make a specific dish with
ingredients by putting the steps in sequential
order.
 Ex: Recipe for Grandma’s Apple Pie.
Menus
 Listing of food available from a restaurant,
and the main ingredients each dish contains.
 Ex: Menu at Applebee’s.
Schedules
 Listing of classes, events that occur daily in a
person’s life.
 Ex: Your schedule of classes at BSMS.
Order forms
 Used to order items needed from a business
or company
 Ex: A teacher ordering paper from Staples
Audiovisual Resources
 Educational videos and movies, etc.
Words- Vocabulary Skills and
Spelling
Denotation and Connotation
 Denotation: dictionary definition of a word.
 Ex: stop- to cease, halt, or refrain from an action.
 Connotation: the feeling you get from a word
(negative or positive).
 Ex: tarantula: negative; party: positive
Root/Base Word
 A root /base word is one that cannot be
broken down any further.
 Ex: night
Prefixes
 A prefix is a syllable added to the beginning
of a base word that changes its meaning.
 Ex: prefix- mid (means “middle”)
 mid+night = midnight (middle of the night)
Suffixes
 A suffix is a syllable added to the end of a root
word that changes its meaning.
 Ex: suffix –ship (means “the quality of, or office
of”)
 Friend+ship= friendship (the quality of a friend)
Vocabulary
 Vocabulary is the set of words you can
recognize (know ) and understand (meaning).
 We should try to enhance our vocabulary
every day.
Spelling
 The correct way to position letters in a word.
 Spelling words properly is extremely important.
 Be careful! Some words are easily misspelled or
have confusing ending.
 Remember the rules we have learned this year!
Writing
Pre-writing
 Generating topics and planning before you
write.
 You can do the following:
 Draw
 Cluster
 Brainstorm
 Have a discussion
 Outline
Reading the prompt
 Make sure you are writing about what is
being asked.
 Develop your paper by using great details and
description.
Purposes of Writing:
 Creative- writing for fun
 Journalistic- reporting news
 Essay- answering a question
 Narrative- telling a story
 Informative- giving explanations
 Persuasive- convincing others
 Descriptive- using your senses to describe
Audience
 Who you are writing for
 Peers- informal
 Teachers- formal
 Employers- very formal
Drafting
 Putting your thoughts and ideas together in
sentences (at least 5-7 per paragraph) and
paragraphs (at least 5).
Editing/Revising
 Always check your work!
 Needs title
 Correct number or sentences/paragraphs
 Introduction, Body, Conclusion
 Correct spelling, capitalization, punctuation
 Varied sentences (simple, compound, complex)
 Good content
 Description
Presenting
 Publishing your work
 Final paper
 Presentation
Grammar “Stuff”
Kinds of Sentences
 Declarative: “regular” sentence:
 I have great teachers at BSMS.
 Interrogative: asks a question
 What are you doing?
 Exclamatory: shows excitement
 That was awesome!
 Imperative: gives a command
 Clean your room.
Subjects
 Tells who or what a sentence is about
 Ex: Marissa won her event in the track meet.
 Marissa is the simple subject
 Complete subjects are all the words in a
subject.
 Ex: Green sneakers are on sale this week.
 Green sneakers is the compound subject (it contains
the adjective, or descriptive word of green, as well
as the noun sneakers)
Compound Subjects
 When a sentence has two or more subjects
(nouns).
 Ex: Parents, relatives, and friends can attend the
concert.
Predicates
 Tells what a subject does, is, has, or feels
 Ex: Marissa won her event in the track meet.
 Won is the simple predicate.
 Complete predicates are all the words that
make up the predicate.
 Ex: Green sneakers are on sale this week.
 Are on sale this week is the complete predicate.
Compound Predicates
 When a sentence has two or more predicates
(verbs).
 Ex: Children in the park played and ran.
Capitalization
 Capitalize proper nouns, names of written
works, family relationships, nationalities,
religious terms, etc.
 Catherine
 “Twinkle, Twinkle, Little Star”
 Dad
 Chinese
 Jewish
Punctuation
 End marks . ! ? (end a sentence)
 Commas , (separate items in a series)
 Apostrophes ’ (used in contractions and to
show possession)
 Colons : (used in lists of items, time)
 Semicolons ; (separate sentences, etc.)
 Quotation marks “ ”(shows someone
speaking or emphasizes a poem, song, etc.)
Simple sentence
 Contains a subject (noun) and a predicate
(verb).
 The dog ran down the street.
Compound sentence
 Contains more than one subject and/or more
than one verb.
 The baby bird chirped as loudly as it could because
it was hungry.
Complex sentence
 Two sentences combined into one!
 Conjunctions (joining words like after,
because, since, when, etc.) are used.
 I was extremely anxious to get started on my test,
because I knew I would ace the exam.
Conjunctions
 Joining words
 Use them to make subjects, predicates, and
sentences compound
 And- add information
 I can swim and dive.
 Or- to give choice
 Does he sail or swim?
 But- to show contrast
 I swim, but Lee sails.
Fragments
 Not a sentence!
 It is missing either a subject or a verb.
 Incorrect: About a summer job.
 Correct: I walk to talk to you about a summer job.
Run-ons
 Two or more sentences joined together
without using end marks or other forms of
punctuation, like commas.
 Incorrect: Courtney is a writer Patrick is one too
and they write great stories.
 Correct: Courtney is a writer, and Patrick is one
too. They write great stories.
Interjections
 Words that show feeling.
 If it stands alone, it needs an exclamation point at
the end.
 Ouch!
 If it begins a sentence, it needs set off by a
comma.
 Whew, they finally scored a touchdown.
Prepositions
 A word that shows the relationship between a
noun (or pronoun) and some other word in a
sentence.
 Some prepositions are about, above, around,
beside, in, over, through, under, etc.
 Ex: I went to the football game.
 to is the preposition
 game is the object of the preposition
 to the football game is the prepositional phrase
Nouns
 A word that names a person, place, thing, or
idea.
 A noun can be made up of more than one
word.
 Gina (person) read about the history (idea) of
farming tools (thing) in the United States (place).
Common Nouns
 Do not name a particular person, place or
thing.
 They are “common,” or every day nouns
 Ex: dog, girl, river, state, country, etc.
Proper Nouns
 Name a specific person, place, thing, or idea.
 Begins with a capital letter.
 Ex: Rover, Andrea, Ohio River, West Virginia, China
Singular and Plural Nouns
 A noun that names one person, place, thing,
or idea is singular.
 Ex: truck, noise, Jane
 A noun that names more than one person,
place, thing, or idea is plural.
 Ex: trucks, noises, Janes
Possessive Nouns
 Nouns that show ownership or possession.
 For singular nouns showing ownership, add an
apostrophe and s
 Pat’s coat – coat owned by Pat
 For plural nouns that end in s, add only an
apostrophe
 Students’ papers
 For plural nouns that do not end in s, add an
apostrophe and s
 The men’s umbrellas
Pronouns
 Take the place of a noun or more than one
noun.
 Helps us not repeat the same noun over and
over.
 Incorrect: James has never owned a pet, but
James is getting a dog today.
 Correct: James has never owned a pet, but he is
getting a dog today.
 Other examples of pronouns: I, you, he, she, it they,
we, etc.
Adjectives
 Describe, or modify, a noun or pronoun.
 Tell what kind, which one, or how many.
 Boring: We take trips to New York.
 Descriptive: We take exciting trips to fabulous
New York.
Articles
 Special adjectives- a, an, the.
 Articles come before a noun or another
adjective.
 Ex: The ball hit an old shed.
Demonstratives
 Adjectives that tell which one.
 Point out a specific person, place, thing, or
idea.
 Ex: This book is better than that magazine.
 Ex: These stories are more interesting than those
articles.
Comparative and Superlative
Adjectives
 Comparative
 You can use adjectives to compare two people,
places, things, or ideas.
 Ex: Zach is hungrier than I am.
 Ex: Liza is more generous than her sister.
 Superlative
 You can use adjectives to compare more than two
people, places, things, or ideas.
 Ex: Matt is the laziest student in the class.
 Ex: Green beans are Cally’s least favorite food to eat.
Proper Adjectives
 An adjective formed from a proper noun.
 The endings most used are –an, -ish, and –ese.
 Ex: Hawaiian luau, Irish seacoast, Japanese food
Action Verbs
 Main word in a predicate of a sentence.
 Tell what the subject does or did.
 Ex: We walked toward the ocean.
Main Verbs and Helping Verbs
 A verb that is made up of more than one verb
is called a verb phrase.
 Ex: I will be going home soon.
 Main verbs express action or being in a
sentence.
 Ex: I will be going home soon.
 Helping verbs work with the main verb, but
do not show action.
 Ex: I will be going home soon.
Adverbs
 A word that modifies a verb, an adjective, or
another adverb.
 Answers how, where, or when
 Most end in –ly
 How: Anna left quickly.
 Where: She arrived there.
 When: Then she returned.
Subject/Verb Agreement
 A verb and its subject (noun) must agree in
number. Use a singular verb with a singular
subject, and use a plural verb with a plural
subject.
 Singular: The boy races.
 Plural: The boys race.
Research Skills
Parts of a Book






Spine (call number)
Cover (Title, Author, Illustrator)
Title Page (Title, etc.)
Copyright Page (publisher, year)
Table of Contents (not all books have)
Preface (author comments, not all books
have)
Parts of a Book
 Body (main part of the book)
 Glossary (mini dictionary, not all books
have)
 Index (alphabetical listing of all
important subjects discussed in the
book, not all have)
Title Page
 First page of a book
 Title
 Author ( or Editor)
 Illustrator
 Publisher
 Place of Publication
The Biography of Abraham
Lincoln
By Lisa Barnett
Illustrated by Paul Tompkins
Kings Chapel Press
Perry, Georgia
Copyright Page
 Back side of Title Page
 Copyright Date – when the book was
published
 There can be more than one copyright date
(illustrations)
 Edition of Book
Table of Contents
 Follows the Title and Copyright pages
 Chapter Headings (titles of each chapter)
 Chapter 1What is an Ant
 Chapter 2
Why Ants Build Nests
 Chapter 3Where Ants Live
 Chapter 4
What Ants Eat
page 2
page 4
page 7
page 9
What’s a Table of Contents
for?
good
Quick and
easy overview of book
 Gives general idea of what the book is about
Body or Text
 This is the written sections, chapter by
chapter.
Bibliography
A bibliography is a list of citations made up
of all the sources you consulted in
preparation for writing a research paper.
Even if you do not directly quote an item in
your research paper, you should still cite it
in your bibliography if you used it to gain
knowledge you did not previously have.
Index




List of topics or subjects
Located in back of the book
Alphabetical order
Gives very specific information – details
of contents of the book
 Helps you by:
 Putting information in order
 Reducing the time you hunt for information
The Glossary





Back of book
Alphabetical Order
Mini-Dictionary
New or difficult words – key words
Helps you:
 If you do not understand a word in the book
 To find definitions and spellings quickly
Types of Organizers
Tables
Set of data arranged in rows and columns.
Can be used to compare/contrast information.
Character
Religion
Age
Hair color
Eye Color
Annemarie
Protestant
12
Blonde
Blue
Ellen
Jewish
12
Brown
Brown
Charts
A graph, table, or sheet of information in the form
of a diagram.
Graphs
 Shows a relationship between two or more sets of
numbers or information.
Diagrams
A plan, sketch, drawing, or outline designed to
demonstrate or explain how something works or to clarify
the relationship between the parts of a whole.
Smells
Feels
Looks
• salty
• fresh
• relaxing
• comforting
• beautiful
• pristine
Performance
Oral Communication Skills
 Communicating by word of mouth is
extremely important.
 You must have good communication skills in
order for people to understand you.
Volume
 How loudly you speak.
 Don’t scream, but make sure you talk loud enough
so everyone in the room can hear you.
Rate
 The pace at which you talk.
 Be careful! Don’t speak too quickly, but don’t talk
too slowly either.
What to do when you are
speaking
 Stand still; only make gestures when it adds





to the presentation
Be confident
Know your content, or subject
Speak in chronological order so you can be
understood
Keep eye contact with the audience
Be prepared for questions
Guest Speaker
 A person who visits a group of people and
speaks about a certain topic.
Informational Video
 A video that is shown in a group setting
 Gives important information on a topic
Radio/News Program
 Radio broadcasts a speaker who talks about
certain subjects.
 The news gives information on local and
global topics.
Audience Etiquette
 Being an audience member requires you to
do certain things, such as:
 Be quiet
 Be respectful
 Pay attention
 Do not cause distractions
 Do not interrupt
Working in a Group
 Be patient
 Be polite
 Contribute equally
 Work together
 Reach a consensus (agreement)