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Morphology
Lesson 6B
ESONERO
• LUNEDI 15 DICEMBRE
• 10.00
• NESSUNA PRENOTAZIONE
• ore 10-00 A-L
ore11.00 M-Z
Structure of Spoken Language (from Crystal 1997)
Pragmatics
Structure
Medium of
Transmission
Phonetics
Phonology
Grammar
Morphology
Syntax
Use
Meaning (semantics)
Lexicon
Discourse
CLASSIFYING GRAMMAR
GRAMMAR
MORPHOLOGY
SYNTAX
CLASSIFYING
MORPHOLOGY
MORPHOLOGY
INFLECTION
WORD FORMATION
DERIVATION
COMPOUNDING
THE OVERALL PICTURE
GRAMMAR
MORPHOLOGY
Inflection
SYNTAX
Word formation
Derivation
Composition
Morphemes
• minimal unit of meaning or grammatical
function
• Distinction between free morphemes and
bound morphemes
Free morphemes
• can stand by themselves as a single word
e.g. grace
• Can be lexical (e.g. boy,elephant)
or functional (e.g. and, but)
Bound morphemes
• Cannot stand alone but need to be “bound” to
another morpheme, e.g. re-, -ful
• Prefixes and suffixes are bound morphemes
• Divided into derivational and inflectional
BASE FORMS
boy, yes, elephant
• No CONSTITUENT PARTS
• also called ROOTS or STEMS
PREFIXES
e.g. un-, de-, super• meaningful elements
• come BEFORE base form
• lexical role – allow for the construction
of a large number of new words
SUFFIXES
e.g. –ness, -ed, -er
• meaningful elements
• 2 types:
DERIVATIONAL
INFLECTIONAL
DEFINING SUFFIXES
SUFFIXES
DERIVATIONAL
e.g. -ness, -ship, -able
change meaning of base form
lexical role
INFLECTIONAL
e.g. -s, -ed, -er
no lexical meaning
grammatical role only
INFLECTION OF PLURAL
PLURALS
inflection
REGULAR FORM
-s, -es, -ies
IRREGULAR FORM
es. children
SINGULAR MEANING
es. scissors, binoculars
INFLECTION OF VERBS
TYPES OF INFLECTION
BASE FORM
-S FORM
-ING FORM
-ED FORM
3rd pers. sing.
gerund
past tense, past part.
black bird vs. blackbird
• BLACK BIRD
• two words
• bird which is
black
• meaning is
predictable
• classified as a
PHRASE (NP)
• BLACKBIRD
• one word
• a particular type
of bird (merlo)
• meaning not
predictable
• classified as a
COMPOUND
IT’S, WE’LL etc.
• clitics
• bound words (cannot stand alone)
• cannot be stressed
POWER STATION
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two words
station is the head
power is the modifier
classified as a compound
green house vs. greenhouse
(like black bird vs. blackbird)
• GREEN HOUSE
• GREENHOUSE
• meaning is
predictable
• meaning not
predictable
• classified as a
PHRASE (NP)
• classified as a
COMPOUND
white house vs. White House
•
white house
• White House
•
casa bianca
• Casa Bianca
• meaning is predictable
• meaning not predictable
• classified as a
PHRASE (NP)
• classified as a
COMPOUND
Compounds can be single words
• e.g. blackbird
or combinations of words
• e.g. power station
COMPOUNDS
• COMPOUND VERBS
• COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
• COMPOUND NOUNS
COMPOUND VERBS
• VERB-VERB
stir-fry
• NOUN-VERB
air-condition
• ADJECTIVE VERB
dry-clean
• PREPOSITION VERB
underestimate
COMPOUND ADJECTIVES
• NOUN-ADJECTIVE
sky-high
• ADJECTIVE-ADJECTIVE
red-hot
• PREPOSITION-ADJECTIVE hyper-active
COMPOUND NOUNS
• VERB-NOUN
swearword
• NOUN-NOUN
hairnet
• ADJECTIVE NOUN
• PREPOSITION-NOUN
blackboard
overcoat
CV, CN or CA ?
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earthquake
sightsee
goldfish
scarecrow
postman
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CN (noun-verb)
CV (noun-verb)
CN (noun/adj-noun)
CN (verb-noun)
CN (noun?-noun)
CV, CN, or CA?
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birdcage
sunrise
maneating
haircut
homesick
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CN (noun-noun)
CN (noun-verb)
CA (noun-verb)
CN (noun-noun)
CA (noun-adj)