Download Sentence study II

Sentence Study
Week 5
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Outline
Passive voice
 Clause

 Adjective
Clause
 Adverb Clause
 Noun Clause

Changing clauses to modifying phrases
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Objective
The students are expected to be able to
 read and comprehend complicated
sentences by answering questions correctly.
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1. Reviews of Types of dependent Clauses



Adjective Clause
Adverbial Clause
Noun Clause
2. Passive Voice
3. Sentence Transformation  Changing
Clauses modifying phrases
3. Understanding Complicated sentences
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Types of Dependent Clauses
1. Adjective Clause
An adjective clause is used to describe a
noun:
Ex.
The car, which was red, belonged to
Mr. Peterson.
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A relative pronoun is usually used to
introduce an adjective clause:
Hans, who is an architect, lives in Berlin.
Mike, whom Hans knows well, is an interior decorator.
Judy has a dog which follows her everywhere.
Mike is decorating a house that Hans designed.
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More Practice on adjective clauses
at:
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/gra
mmar/adj1.htm
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2. Adverb clause
An adverb clause is a dependent clause
which takes the place of an adverb in
another clause or phrase.
An adverb clause answers questions such as
"when?", "where?", "why?", "with what
goal/result?", and "under what conditions?".
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Type
Question
answered
Example
Place
Where?
Wherever there are computers,
there is Microsoft software.
Time
When?
Cause
Purpose
Concession
Condition
Why? (What
caused this?)
Why? (What was
the reason for
doing this?)
Why is this
unexpected?
After the fruit is harvested, it is
sold at the market.
I didn't call her because I'm
shy.
She took a computer course so
that she could get a better job.
Although Jay has a Master's
degree, he works as a store
clerk.
Under what
If you save your money, you
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conditions?
will be able to go to college.
More Practice on adverb clauses
at:
http://web2.uvcs.uvic.ca/elc/studyzone/410/gra
mmar/advcls1.htm
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3. Noun Clause
A noun clause is a clause which does the
work of a noun in a sentence. It is a group
of words containing a subject and a finite
verb of its own.
Usually noun clauses begin with that, what,
where, when, who, whom, which, whose,
how, why, whether, etc.
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Uses of Noun Clauses
A. As the subject of a verb
Why she kept on crying puzzled every one.
noun clause
main verb
B. As the direct object
Nobody knows how he got involved in
verb
noun clause
gangland activities
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c.As the complement of the verb
"to be"
What we are worried about is that he may have
another heart attack.
The question is why they could escape through
the front door when there were so many
guards there.
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More Examples
He said that he would not come.
 We were all curious to know what he had done.
 Nobody knows when the registration will begin.
 We all wanted to find out who the winner was.
 Whom they were in contact with on the day of the
robbery is of great interest to the police.
 Jane is not sure which university she should apply for.
 The judges had a hard time deciding whose painting
was the best.
 How the baby fell from the window is a mystery.
 They asked the boy why he had hit his classmate.
 Whether you like it or not
is not the issue.
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
Passive Voice
There are two special forms for verbs called voice:

Active voice

Passive voice
Passive voice makes sense when the agent
performing the action is obvious, unimportant, or
unknown.
The passive voice is effective in such circumstances
because it highlights the action and what is acted
upon rather than theD.Deeprasert
agent performing the action.
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To create a passive sentence, you
must know:
Who is the person (the "agent") of the
action? (the "doer")
 Who is the object (the "receiver) of the
action?

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RECEIVER
(coin)
ACTIVE
He flipped a coin to decide who
would go first.
(He is unimportant.)
AGENT
(person doing
the flip)
PASSIVE
A coin was flipped to decide who would
go first.
(Focus on the coin flip.)
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AGENT
(aggressor)
ACTIVE
John was shaking his little
brother, Jimmy.
(Focus on aggressor .)
RECEIVER
(victim)
PASSIVE
Jimmy was being shaken by John.
(Focus on victim.)
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The Passive is formed:
Passive Subject + To Be + Past Participle
It is often used in business and in other areas where
the object of the action is more important than those
who perform the action.
Only verbs that take an object can be used in the
passive.
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The object of the active verb becomes
the subject of the passive verb:
subject
Verb
Object
Cats
eat
fish.
subject
Verb
Object
Fish
are
eaten
by cats
Active
Passive
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For Example:
We have produced over 20 different models
in the past two years.
Changes to:
Over 20 different models have been
produced in the past two years.
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If the agent (the performer of the
action) is important, use "by“.
For Example:
Tim Wilson wrote "The Flight to Brunnswick"
in 1987.
Changes to:
"The Flight to Brunnswick" was written in
1987 by Tim Wilson.
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Active
Passive
They make Fords in Cologne. Fords are made in Cologne.
Time
Reference
Present Simple
Susan is cooking dinner.
Dinner is being cooked by
Susan
Present Continuous
James Joyce wrote
"Dubliners".
"Dubliners" was written by
James Joyces.
Past Simple
They were painting the house
when I arrived.
The house was being
painted when I arrived.
Past Continuous
They have produced over 20
models in the past two years.
Over 20 models have been
produced in the past two years.
Present Perfect
They are going to build a new
factory in Portland.
A new factory is going to be
built in Portland.
I will finish it tomorrow.
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It will be
finished tomorrow.
Future Intention
with Going to
Future Simple
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More practice on Passive voice at:
http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_passi
ve1.htm
http://esl.about.com/library/quiz/blgrquiz_passi
ve2.htm
http://www.englishclub.com/grammar/verbsvoice_passive.htm
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Changing an Adjective Clause to
an Adjective Phrase
1.The subject pronoun is omitted and the be form of the verb is omitted.
Clause : The actions which are taken by the government are
helpful.
Phrase : The actions taken by the government are helpful.
Clause : John is the man who is responsible for the project.
Phrase : John is the man responsible for the project.
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2. If there is no “be” form of a verb in the adjective clause, it
is sometimes possible to omit the subject pronoun and
change the verb to its_ ing form.
Clause : A copyright, which assures an author
the sole right to publish, is a right that is
granted by government.
Phrase : A copyright, assuring an author the sole right
to publish, is a right granted by government.
Clause : Anyone who has a salary of 20,000 bath
or more can apply.
Phrase : Anyone having a salary of 20,000 bath
or more can apply.
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Clause: Large cities provide additional
services which include parks.
Phrase: Large cities provide additional
services including parks.
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Reducing Adverb Clauses to Modifying Phrases
Sentences with the same subject can reduced after
adverb- before, after, while, when, since
1. Omit the subject of the dependent clause and the be
form of the verb.
Adverb clause : While she was typing on the computer,
she was listening to the radio.
Modifying Phrase: While typing on the computer, she was
listening to the radio.
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2. If there is no “be” form of a verb, omit the
subject and change the verb -ing
Adverb clause: Before she left the office, she
shut down the computer.
Modifying Phrase: Before leaving the office,
she shut down the computer.
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While I was reading the newspaper, I saw a
story about an old friend.
 While reading the newspaper, I saw a
story about an old friend.
Before I left home, I checked to see that all of
the doors were locked.
 Before leaving home, I checked to see
that all of the doors were locked
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BUT NOT:
An adverb clause can be changed to a modifying phrase
only when the subject of the adverb clause and the
subject of the main clause are the same.
No change is possible if the subjects of the adverb clause
and the main clause are different.
EX.
Before I took a driving course, my father warned me to be
cautious.
Modifying Phrase
* no change (because the subject of the second clause is
different.)
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