Download Compounding Words

Compounding
Prof. Walid Amer:
Dean of the faculty of Arts
Islamic University of Gaza
The components of Compounding words:
The component of
Compounding words
in English
The First Element:
1. Noun,
2. Pronoun
3.an adjective
4. a verb
The Second element:
1. Noun
2. a pronoun
3. a verb
4. an adverb
To combine between such two elements, we have
to take in consideration the relationship:

Syntactic relationship: like part of speech, coordination, verb and object, qualifier and noun,
adverb and noun ,denoting the subject or the object.

Semantic relationship: denoting place or time,
purpose, means or instrument, resemblance, and
sex.
Types of Compounds
Endocentric
Exocentric
The meaning of the compound is
classified according to the meaning
of its components
Example: dog food is a type of food.
The meaning of the compound
doesn't result from its component
Example: Read head is a person with
red head, not a type of head.
Compounds formation
Types of Compound nouns:





Solid or Closed form: consists of monosyllabic
units.
Examples: lawsuit, wallpaper, makeup.
Hyphenated form: two or more units are combined
by hyphens.
Examples: good-for-nothing, salt-and-pepper.
Opened or Spaced form: long words such as :
distance learning, player piano, lawn tennis.
Analyzability: ( Transparency):

The meaning of the compound can be analyzed in different
ways:
1. The relationship is attributive. The meaning of a
compound noun is a specialization of the meaning
of the head. The modifier limits the meaning.
(endocentric compounds) Example: blackboard.
2. The relationships are expressed by prepositions, there
is no obvious semantic head. (exocentric
compounds)
Examples: Footstool, armchair, office manager.
3. The meaning could be a generalization when the
meaning could be induced from both units.
Example: fighter bomber: it is an aircraft which is
both fighter and bomber.
Compound Adjectives:
It is a modifier of a noun. It consists of two or more morphemes where
the left-hand morpheme narrows or changes the modification of the
right hand one.
Types of Compound adjectives
 Solid modifiers:



Overtime usage: earsplitting, eyecatching ,
downtown.
Number with fold as a suffix: sixfold,
fifteenfold.
Points of compass: northwest, northwester
Adjective preceding
a noun
Round-table
Blue-sky
Verb preceding
an adjective or
adverb
Feel-good factor
Compound
adjectives with
high and low
High-level
discussion
Hyphenated
Compound
Numbers spelled
out or as
numerous
30-piece band
Seven- year boy
Verb preceding
a prepositions
Stick-on label
Stand-by fare
adjectives
A noun, adjective,
or adverb
preceding a
present participle
A long-lasting
affair
An adjective
proceeding a
noun to which
(ed) is added
Middle-aged
lady
Compound Verbs
 It is usually composed of a modifier and a
verb. The modifier is usually a preposition but
it can be an adverb, an adjective, a noun
 Examples:
Overrate, downsize, whitewash, browbeat.
Phrasal verbs:
They are a combination of verb and prepositions.
A phrasal verb is used in an idiomatic,
figurative or even metaphorical context.
The meaning of each word cannot be determined
separately.
Examples:
Give in, find out, look after, blame on,
serve as, look up to, etc.
Compounding in Arabic:
Categories
of Compounds
In Arabic
Construct state
‫المركب االضافي‬
(possessive or genitive relationship
‫ دودة االرض‬earth worm
‫ يوم الحساب‬doomsday
Fusional compounds
‫المركب المزجي‬
Ex. ‫بيت لحم‬
‫نيويورك‬
unknown relation
Predicative Compound
‫المركب االسنادي‬
‫تأبط شرا‬
Relation based on prediction
Limited
Other categories
 Compound Numbers: from 11 to 19
 Numbers from 21 to 99.
 Compound particles ‫الحرف المركبة‬
) ‫ سيما وال سيما‬، ‫ كيفما‬،‫ حيثما‬،‫ ريثما‬،‫ ربما‬، ‫( انما‬
*Defective verb Compounds:
‫ ما فتئ‬،‫ ما زال‬، ‫ ما دام‬، ‫ما برح‬
*Two interrogative pronouns
‫ماذا و منذا‬
*proper noun:
‫القاموس المحيط‬
‫التل الكبير‬
Compound Nouns:
 The structure (N+ Adj. ): the read sea ‫البحر‬
‫االحمر‬
 A different syntactic structure: ‫قسم من اقسام‬
‫الكالم‬
 Arabic possessive or Genitive structure:
‫ عابر سبيل‬، ‫طلوع النهار‬
Compound Adjective
1. Single-word adjectives: Trustworthy‫موثوق‬
2. Adj.+ Adj. : bitter sweet‫ مر حلو‬dark blue ‫ازرق غامق‬
3. Simile: red-hot‫ حار كالجمر‬blood-red‫احمر كالدم‬
4. N+ Adj.+ Adj.: usually employing a prep.
Sea-sick‫ مصاب بدوران البحر‬blood thirsty‫متعطش للدماء‬
5. Adv+ Adj. are rendered by possessive:
Ever green‫ دائم الخضرة‬ever-ripe ‫زائد الخضرة‬