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A pronoun is a word that takes the place of one or more nouns. Pro- means for (standing FOR a noun) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v= yg9MKQ1OYCg Pronouns that are used to refer to people or things are called personal pronouns. Examples: I, you, he, she, it, we, you, they/ me, him, her, us, them A subject pronoun is used as the subject of a sentence. The subject is WHO or WHAT the sentence is about. She is my sister. It is my hat. Does he have a dog. She and I went to the movie. Subject pronouns are called the nominative case. An object pronoun is a personal pronoun in the objective case. It is used as the direct or indirect object of a verb. Object pronouns will never be the subject of the sentence. Give the pencil to me. The teacher gave her a referral. I will tell you a secret. Hannah read it to them. Object pronouns are called the objective case. Singular Subject Pronouns Object Pronouns Plural I you he, she, it we you they me you him, her, it us you them 1. Use a Subject Pronoun as a subject. 2. Use an Object Pronoun as an object of the verb. 3. Use an Object Pronoun as object of a preposition. SUBJECTShe owns a collection of books. DIRECT OBJECTThe fable entertained us. (me, him, her, it, you, them) He told him. INDIRECT OBJECTHe told (to) her an amusing story. OBJECT OF A PREPOSITIONAL PHRASEThis is a matter for you and (for) me (not I) to decide. When in a pair (Richard and I), take one word OUT of the pair to see which pronoun is the correct one to use. EXAMPLES: Richard and (I or me) recited the poem. (Not Me and Richard recited the poem.) Jennifer helped Richard and (I or me). Read the sentence with one word choice at a time to hear what works. 1. Tonette and (she, her) have quit the team. 2. You and (me, I) have to decide. 3. 4. 5. 6. Terry and (me, I) have to wash the dishes. Dottie and (he, him) planted the tree. (She, Her) and John planted the flowers. (He and I, Him and Me) designed the irrigation system. When using a pronoun in a pair: **ALWAYS put the pronoun second Seth and I read some comic books. (Not I and Seth) Science interests Mike and me. (Not me and Mike). In formal writing, formal speaking, and testing, use a subject pronoun after a linking verb. RIGHT “Is Sally home?” “This is she.” NOT “This is her.” AntecedentThe noun or group of words that a pronoun refers to (stands for) is the antecedent. “Ante-” means “before.” Example: Tyler read the book Night. He found it interesting. ANTECEDENT of he ___________________ ANTECEDENT of it __________________ RULE FOR PRONOUNS and ANTECEDENTS: The pronoun must agree with (match) its antecedent in number (singular or plural) and gender. The gender of a noun may be masculine (male), feminine (female), or neuter (referring to things). An object pronoun is a personal pronoun in the objective case. It is used as the direct or indirect object of a verb. Object pronouns will never be the subject of the sentence. Give the pencil to me. The teacher gave (to) her a referral. I will tell (to) you a secret. Hannah read it to them. Pronouns as the direct object (who or what after the verb) 1. The sprinkler sprayed Dottie and (I, me). Pronouns as the indirect object (to whom or for whom th verb was done): 2. Lana brought Dottie and (she, her) some lemonade. Pronouns as the object of a preposition (by, for, on, to...): 3. There was iced tea for Luke and (I, me). 4. The tiller was rented by Ed and (I, me.) ACTIVITY -- Read the sentences. Do not write the whole sentence. Number 1-11 and answer your choice from the parentheses. A Continuation of Practice with Pronouns— 1. At lunch Elizabeth said, “Come and sit by Sarah and (I, me). 2. Elizabeth, Sarah and I talked about how (we, us) students don’t get enough time for lunch. 3. When Sarah’s friend Jennifer asked for a loan, Sarah said, “Sorry, but this money is for Indefinite pronoun A pronoun that does not refer to a particular person, place, or thing. Example: Does anyone know where Mr. Malloy went? Everyone thought he was hiding in a locker. NOTE: Most indefinite pronouns are either ALWAYS singular or plural. Singular another anybody anyone anything each either everybody everyone everything much neither nobody Plural no one nothing one somebody someone something both few many others several SINGULAR or PLURAL All, any, most, none and some can be singular or plural, depending on the phrase that follows them. When an indefinite pronoun is used as the subject, the verb must agree with it in number. EXAMPLE: Everyone discusses Thanksgiving vacation. (singular) Both talk about how delicious the meal was! (plural) All of the food was very good. (singular) All of the relatives were happy to see us. (plural) Possessive pronouns often have indefinite pronouns as their antecedents. In such cases, the pronouns must agree in number. Each of the teachers has his or her unique teaching style. Several have funny conversations with their students. The indefinite pronouns anyone, everyone, everybody, someone, somebody, no one, nobody are always singular and, therefore, require singular verbs. 1. Each of the students is responsible for doing his or her work in the library. 2. Everyone has finished his or her (not their) homework. 3. Before the end of the semester, each (one) of you needs to meet with your counselor or with (me, or I) to discuss your plans for next year. The pronouns neither and either are singular and require singular verbs even though they seem to be referring, in a sense, to two things. 1. Neither (one) of the two traffic lights is working. 2. Neither (one) Juan nor Carmen (is, are) available. 3. Neither (one) she nor I (am, are) going to the festival. 4. Each (one) of the girls (sing, sings) well. 5. Every one of the cakes (are, is) gone. 6. Neither (one) of them (are, is) available to speak right now. ACTIVITY-Pronouns Practice 3 with Indefinite Pronouns Number 1-10 and write the correct choice of verb or pronoun. 1. Neither (one) of the boys (like, likes) the pizza. 2. One of the performers (was, were) at the party after the concert. 3. Everyone should keep (their, his or her) locker clean. 4. Each of the women had to put (her, their) 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. Each of the students (is, are) responsible for doing his or her work in the library. Everyone has finished (his or her, their) homework. Neither (one) of the two traffic lights is working. Neither (one) of the two traffic lights (is, are) working. Neither Juan nor Carmen (is, are) available. Neither she nor I (am, are) going to the festival. Possessive Pronouns show who or what owns something. NOTE: A possessive pronoun may take the place of a possessive noun. Possessive pronouns have two forms. - One form is used before a noun. - The other form is used alone. Singular Plural Used before nouns Used alone my your his, her, its mine yours his, hers, its our your their ours yours theirs Examples: Matt’s shoe is too small. Replace the noun “Matt’s” with a possessive pronoun. _______ shoe is too small. Mike’s homework is perfect. Possessive Noun- __________ Replace with pronoun- _________ ALWAYS REMEMBER: POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS do NOT contain an apostrophe. * Possessive its never splits. *It’s - is a contraction standing for it is *Its no apostrophe is POSSESSIVE Example: I love my book. (Its) characters are funny. *Its is a possessive pronoun standing for My, mine Your, yours His, hers, its Our, our Your, yours Their, theirs POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS do NOT contain an apostrophe.