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Chapter 2:
ACCUSATIVE
Case
What IS a direct object?
• Direct objects are nouns that receive the
action of the verb. It answers the question
WHAT? Or WHOM? after the verb.
• The men love FOOTBALL.
• Men is the subject. Love is the verb.
• The men love WHAT? Football is the
direct object.
Try this:
• The kicker kicked the field goal.
• The kicker kicked what?
• The direct object is field goal.
ID the direct objects.
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1. Jojo had an operation.
2. We visited Pennsylvania.
3. Jim Bob plays the guitar.
4. Mary lost her car.
5. Why didn’t Nancy cook dinner?
6. Stupid people laugh at others.
Write in Latin.
• 1. The girls like the island.
• Puellae insulam amant.
• The girls carry water.
• Aquam portant puellae.
• The families like the land.
• Amant familiae terram.
• The girls like life.
• Puellae amant vitam.
ADJECTIVES
• They agree with (match) the noun they
modify in 3 ways:
• 1. case
• 2. gender
• 3. number
How they look in vocab list:
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Adjectives have 3 forms in the vocab list.
The 1st is masculine.
The 2nd is feminine.
The 3rd is neuter.
Case
• If the noun is nominative then so is the
adjective.
• Via est dura.
• The road is hard.
• Puella est parva.
• The girl is small.
Number
• If noun is plural the adjective is too.
• Puellae sunt bonae.
• The girls are good.
• Viae sunt durae.
• The roads are hard.
Case
• The girls carry good water.
• Puellae portant aquam bonam.
• The good girls carry water.
• Puellae bonae portant aquam.
Translate each.
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1. Vita est bona.
2. Fama est non bona.
3. Viae sunt durae.
4. Durae viae sunt.
5. Parvae puellae portant aquam.
6. Puellae aquam bonam portant.
7. Australia est magna insula.
8. Familiae sunt magnae.
Chapter 3
• VERBS:
• There are action verbs like kick, climb, hit,
eat, etc. These use a direct object.
• There are intransitive verbs like est and
sunt that will never use a direct object. The
verb to be uses a predicate nominative.
Verbs
• Verbs have tense: present, past and
future.
• Verbs have number: singular & plural.
• Verbs have person: 1st, 2nd ,3rd.
VERB CHART
• Sg
pl.
»1
»2
»3
English pronouns
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Sg.
I
You
He
She
it
1st
2nd
3rd
Pl.
we
you
they
Latin
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Sg.
Pl.
-o, -m = I
-s
=you
-t
= he,she,it
-mus = we
-tis = you
-nt = they
Forming a verb
• 1. find the PRESENT STEM:
• Porto, portare--- drop –re and what’s left is
the present stem.
• PORTA- is the stem
PRESENT STEM
• Amo, amare
• Stem: ama• Laboro, laborare
• Stem: labora-
WHO CARES?
• Latin scholars do because you must use
the present stem to form the PRESENT
TENSE of a Latin verb.
• Let’s conjugate (change the endings) amo
in the present tense.
Present tense
• Sg.
• 1st amo I love, I am loving, I do love
• 2nd amas you love, you do love, you are
loving
• 3rd amat he loves, she loves, it loves
» He is loving, she does like, it likes
Present tense
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Plural
1 amamus we love, we like
2 amatis
you love, like
3 amant
they love, like
Conjugate a verb.
• Conjugate laboro
Laboro-present tense
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Laboro
Laboras
Laborat
Laboramus
Laboratis
Laborant
I work
you work
he works
we work
you work
they work