Download Chapter 32

C.W. Shelmerdine
Introduction to Greek
2nd edition
(Newburyport, MA: Focus, 2008)
Chapter 32
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
•
•
The term 2nd (strong) perfect refers to verb
which does not add the tense marker -κ- to form
its perfect stem.
This happens almost always because adding -κ
to the verb stem would make it difficult or
unpleasant to pronounce.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
Looking up a Greek verb
The 1st sg perfect indicative active is the fourth
principal part of a verb
–
–
–
–
–
–
ἄγω, ἄξω, ἤγαγον, ἦχα lead, bring
γράφω, γράψω, ἔγραψα, γέγραφα write
διώκω, διώξω, ἐδίωξα, δεδίωχα pursue
λύω, λύσω, ἔλυσα, λέλυκα loose, set free
πείθω, πείσω, ἔπεισα, πέπεικα persuade
πέμπω, πέμψω, ἔπεμψα, πέπομφα send
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. Reduplication
•
The reduplication necessary to form the perfect
stem might also be modified for pronunciation
purposes.
–
For a stem beginning with an aspirated consonant,
reduplication means only the stop consonant doubles, not
the aspiration:
• θυ-  τεθυ-
Shelmerdine Chapter 31
2. Reduplication
•
The reduplication necessary to form the perfect
stem might also be modified for pronunciation
purposes.
–
For a stem beginning with a vowel, reduplication
means effectively lengthening the vowel:
• ἀ-, ἐ-  ἠ• ὀ-  ὠ• ἰ-  ἰ• ὐ-  ὐ-
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant
stem verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant
stem verbs
•
•
Also for purpose of pronunciation, if the stem of
the verb ends in a consonant, some assimilation
takes place with the consonant of the ending.
Recall the basic relationship of the consonants
(Shelmerdine page 2).
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
Labial
Dental
Palatal
unvoiced stop π
τ
κ
voiced
β
δ
γ
aspirated
φ
θ
χ
+σ
ψ
σ
ξ
nasal
μ
ν
γκ, γγ, γχ,
γξ
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant
stem verbs
•
Middle verb endings start with one of five
consonant sounds:
–
–
–
–
–
μ (μαι, μην, μεθα, μένος –η –ον)
σ (σαι, σο)
τ (ται, το)
σθ (σθε, σθαι)
ντ (νται, ντο)
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant
stem verbs
•
•
Labials and palatals assimilate to the voice and
aspiration of the adjacent consonant.
Dentals become σ throughout.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
+τ
Labial
(π, β, φ)
πτ
Dental
(τ, δ, θ)
στ
Palatal
(κ, γ, χ)
κτ
+μ
μμ
σμ
γμ
+ σθ
φθ
σθ
χθ
+σ
ψ
σ
ξ
+ ντ
-
-
-
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant
stem verbs
•
The third person plural endings (νται, ντο) yield
clusters too complicated to be pronounced
smoothly (e.g., μντ, σντ, γντ), especially for a
construction used only rarely.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant
stem verbs
•
Consequently, Greek substitutes a periphrastic
(using multiple words to substitute for a single one)
construction: the perfect passive participle + 3rd
person plural form of εἰμί.
–
For γράφω, for example, instead of *γέγραμνται, we
find γεγραμμένοι εἰσι, literally “having been written,
they are”  “they have been written.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
4. The perfect active participle
To form the perfect active participle,
to the perfect active stem, add
-ώς –υῖα –ός (nominative singular endings)
-ν- disappears in the masculine/neuter,
-υι- replaces -ουσ- in the feminine,
but otherwise identical to the present active.
λελυκώς λελυκυῖα λελυκός κτλ.
See page 224 for the full paradigm.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
•
All participles in the middle voice have the marker μεν-.
• All participles in the middle voice use –ος –η –ον
endings.
•
Thus to form the perfect middle participle,
to the perfect middle stem,
add –μένος –μένη –μένον
 λελυμένος λελυμένη λελυμένον
See page 225 for the full paradigm.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
1. The 2nd (strong) perfect active
2. Reduplication
3. The perfect middle/passive of consonant stem
verbs
4. The perfect active participle
5. The perfect middle/passive participle
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
•
You have seen a number of verbs which complete their
meaning with an infinitive:
–
–
•
ἐθέλω μένειν. “I want to stay.”
κελεύω σε μένειν. “I order you to stay.”
This use of the infinitive is called the “complementary
infinitive.”
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
•
•
•
Some verbs complete their meaning with a circumstantial
participle.
This use of the participle is called the “supplementary
participle” but is really just a technical term for a
specialized use of circumstantial participles for verbs that
virtually always use them.
This section gives examples of three verbs which use
supplementary participles: τυγχάνω, λανθάνω and
φθάνω.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
τυγχάνω means “meet by chance”
•
–
•
An accompanying supplementary participle expresses what
the subject happens to be doing at the time.
–
•
τυγχάνω τοῦ φύλακος. “I meet the guard by chance” or “I
happen to run into the guard.”
τυγχάνω βαίνων οἴκαδε. “I happen to be walking home.”
Notice that English normally expresses this idea with an
infinitive (“to walk”) rather than a participle.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
λανθάνω means “escape notice.” The accompanying
supplementary participle expresses what the subject is
doing at the time.
•
–
–
•
λανθάνω τὸν φύλακα φεύγων. “I escape the guard’s notice
while I escape”  “I escape without the guard noticing.”
λανθάνω φεύγων. “I escape without being noticed.”
Notice that English makes the action of the participle
(“escape”) the main verb.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
6. Supplementary participles not in indirect
statement
φθάνω means “do something before” someone or anyone
else. The accompanying supplementary participle expresses
what the subject does.
•
–
–
•
φθάνω τὸν ἵππον ἄγων. “As I lead the horse, I am doing it
before anyone else.”  “I lead the horse first.”
φθάνω σε τὸν ἵππον ἄγων.“I lead the horse before you do.”
Notice that English makes the action of the participle
(“lead”) the main verb.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
for next class (Wednesday, April 27, 2011):
• Quiz: Vocabulary Chapter 33
• Continue Xenophon Reading
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
οἱ δὲ πρέσβεις ἀφικόμενοι εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας εἶπον
ὅτι οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι προκαλοῦνται μὲν τοὺς Ἀθηναίους
εἰς εἰρήνην καὶ συμμαχίαν, ἀνταιτοῦσι δὲ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς
νήσου ἄνδρας. οἱ μὲν οὖνΛακεδαιμόνιοι τοσαῦτα εἶπον,
νομίζοντες τοὺς Ἀθηναίους, ἤδη πολλάκις νικηθέντας,
εἰρήνην ἠδέως δέξεσθαι. οἱ δέ, ἔχοντες τοὺς ἄνδρας τοὺς
ἐν τῇ νήσῳ, ἔτι πλείονα σχήσειν ἤλπιζον. μάλιστα δὲ
αὐτοὺς ἐνῆγε Κλέων, ἀνὴρ δεινότατος· οἱ δὲ πρέσβεις
ἀνεχώρησαν ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν ἄπρακτοι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
οἱ δὲ πρέσβεις ἀφικόμενοι εἰς τὰς Ἀθήνας εἶπον
ὅτι οἱ Λακεδαιμόνιοι
προκαλοῦνται μὲν τοὺς Ἀθηναίους
εἰς εἰρήνην καὶ συμμαχίαν,
ἀνταιτοῦσι δὲ τοὺς ἐκ τῆς νήσου ἄνδρας.
οἱ μὲν οὖνΛακεδαιμόνιοι τοσαῦτα εἶπον,
νομίζοντες τοὺς Ἀθηναίους,
ἤδη πολλάκις νικηθέντας,
εἰρήνην ἠδέως δέξεσθαι.
οἱ δέ, ἔχοντες τοὺς ἄνδρας τοὺς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ,
ἔτι πλείονα σχήσειν ἤλπιζον.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
μάλιστα δὲ αὐτοὺς ἐνῆγε Κλέων, ἀνὴρ δεινότατος·
οἱ δὲ πρέσβεις ἀνεχώρησαν ἐκ τῶν Ἀθηνῶν ἄπρακτοι.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
ἀφικομένων δὲ αὐτῶν εἰς τὴν Πύλον, αἱ σπονδαὶ εὐθὺς
διελύθησαν. οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔτι ἐπολιόρκουν τοὺς ἐν τῇ
νήσῳ Λακεδαιμονίους, καὶ ἡ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατιὰ
ἔμενεν ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ. χαλεπὸν δ' ἦν τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὸ
φυλάττειν δι' ἀπορίαν σίτου τε καὶ ὕδατος, πρὸς δὲ τούτῳ
μάλιστα ἠθύμουν, ὡς ἐνόμιζον ἐκπολιορκήσειν τοὺς
πολεμίους ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων. οἱ δὲ Λακαδαιμόνιοι
παρέσχον πολὺ ἀργύριον τοῖς βουλομένοις εἰς τὴν νῆσον
εἰσάγειν σῖτόν τε καὶ οἶνον· μάλιστα δὲ εἰσῆγον οἱ
Εἵλωτες, λαβόντες ὁπόθεν τύχοιεν καὶ εἰσφέροντες τῆς
νυκτός· οὕτω γὰρ ῥᾷον τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἐλάνθανον.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
ἀφικομένων δὲ αὐτῶν εἰς τὴν Πύλον,
αἱ σπονδαὶ εὐθὺς διελύθησαν.
οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι ἔτι ἐπολιόρκουν
τοὺς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ Λακεδαιμονίους,
καὶ ἡ τῶν Λακεδαιμονίων στρατιὰ ἔμενεν ἐν τῇ ἠπείρῳ.
χαλεπὸν δ' ἦν τοῖς Ἀθηναίοις τὸ φυλάττειν
δι' ἀπορίαν σίτου τε καὶ ὕδατος,
πρὸς δὲ τούτῳ μάλιστα ἠθύμουν,
ὡς ἐνόμιζον ἐκπολιορκήσειν
τοὺς πολεμίους ἡμερῶν ὀλίγων.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
οἱ δὲ Λακαδαιμόνιοι παρέσχον πολὺ ἀργύριον
τοῖς βουλομένοις εἰς τὴν νῆσον εἰσάγειν
σῖτόν τε καὶ οἶνον·
μάλιστα δὲ εἰσῆγον οἱ Εἵλωτες,
λαβόντες ὁπόθεν τύχοιεν καὶ εἰσφέροντες τῆς νυκτός·
οὕτω γὰρ ῥᾷον τοὺς Ἀθηναίους ἐλάνθανον.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
ἐν δὲ ταῖς Ἀθήναις, ὅτε ἠγγέλθη ὅτι σῖτος τοῖς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ
εἰσάγεται, οἱ πολῖται ἠπόρουν· οὐ γὰρ ἔλαθεν αὐτοὺς ἡ
στρατιὰ οὐκ εὖ πράττουσα. Κλέων δὲ πρῶτον μὲν οὐκ
ἔφη τοὺς ἀγγέλλοντας τὰ ἀληθῆ λέγειν, ὕστερον δὲ τῷ
Νικίᾳ, στρατηγῷ ὄντι, εἶπεν ὡς ῥᾴδιον ἂν εἴη, εἰ ἄνδρες
εἶεν οἱ στρατηγοί, λαβεῖν τοὺς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ, καὶ αὐτὸς ἄν,
εἰ ἦρχεν, ἐποίησε τοῦτο. ὁ δὲ Νικίας ἐκέλευε τὸν Κλέωνα
ἥντινα στρατιὰν βούλεται λαβόντα ἐπιχειρεῖν ἀντὶ τῶν
στρατηγῶν. ὁ δὲ ἀνεχώρει καὶ οὐκ ἔφη αὐτὸς ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνον
στρατηγὸν εἷναι. οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, οἷον ὄχλος φιλεῖ ποιεῖν,
ὅσῳ μᾶλλον ὁ Κλέων ἀνεχώρει, τόσῳ ἐνῆγον τὸν Νικίαν
παραδιδόναι τὴν ἀρχήν καὶ ἐκείνῳ ἐπεβόων πλεῖν· τέλος
δὲ ἔφη ὁ Κλέων τοῦτο ποιήσειν καὶ ἡμερῶν εἴκοσιν ἢ
ἄξειν τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ζῶντας ἢ ἐκεῖ ἀποκτενεῖν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
ἐν δὲ ταῖς Ἀθήναις,
ὅτε ἠγγέλθη ὅτι σῖτος τοῖς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ εἰσάγεται,
οἱ πολῖται ἠπόρουν·
οὐ γὰρ ἔλαθεν αὐτοὺς ἡ στρατιὰ οὐκ εὖ πράττουσα.
Κλέων δὲ πρῶτον μὲν οὐκ ἔφη
τοὺς ἀγγέλλοντας τὰ ἀληθῆ λέγειν,
ὕστερον δὲ τῷ Νικίᾳ, στρατηγῷ ὄντι, εἶπεν
ὡς ῥᾴδιον ἂν εἴη,
εἰ ἄνδρες εἶεν οἱ στρατηγοί,
λαβεῖν τοὺς ἐν τῇ νήσῳ,
καὶ αὐτὸς ἄν, εἰ ἦρχεν, ἐποίησε τοῦτο.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
ὁ δὲ Νικίας ἐκέλευε τὸν Κλέωνα
ἥντινα στρατιὰν βούλεται
λαβόντα ἐπιχειρεῖν ἀντὶ τῶν στρατηγῶν.
ὁ δὲ ἀνεχώρει
καὶ οὐκ ἔφη
αὐτὸς ἀλλ' ἐκεῖνον στρατηγὸν εἷναι.
οἱ δὲ Ἀθηναῖοι, οἷον ὄχλος φιλεῖ ποιεῖν,
ὅσῳ μᾶλλον ὁ Κλέων ἀνεχώρει,
τόσῳ ἐνῆγον τὸν Νικίαν παραδιδόναι τὴν ἀρχήν
καὶ ἐκείνῳ ἐπεβόων πλεῖν·
τέλος δὲ ἔφη ὁ Κλέων τοῦτο ποιήσειν
καὶ ἡμερῶν εἴκοσιν ἢ ἄξειν τοὺς Λακεδαιμονίους ζῶντας
ἢ ἐκεῖ ἀποκτενεῖν.
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
29 ἐγενήθη δὲ μεσούσης τῆς νυκτὸς καὶ κύριος ἐπάταξεν
πᾶν πρωτότοκον ἐν γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ ἀπὸ πρωτοτόκου Φαραω
τοῦ καθημένου ἐπὶ τοῦ θρόνου ἕως πρωτοτόκου τῆς
αἰχμαλωτίδος τῆς ἐν τῷ λάκκῳ καὶ ἕως πρωτοτόκου
παντὸς κτήνους.
αἰχμαλωτίς -ίδος ἡ prisoner of war
ἕως until, to
θρόνος –ου ὁ throne
κάθημαι sit
κτῆνος –ους τό flock
κύριος –ου ὁ lord
λάκκος –ου ὁ pit
μεσόω be in the middle
πατάττω strike
πρωτό-τοκος –ον first-born
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
30 καὶ ἀναστὰς Φαραω νυκτὸς καὶ πάντες οἱ θεράποντες
αὐτοῦ καὶ πάντες οἱ Αἰγύπτιοι καὶ ἐγενήθη κραυγὴ
μεγάλη ἐν πάσῃ γῇ Αἰγύπτῳ· οὐ γὰρ ἦν οἰκία, ἐν ᾗ οὐκ ἦν
ἐν αὐτῇ τεθνηκώς.
ἀναστάς (masc nom sg aor part act)
< ἀνίστημι stand up
θεράπων –ντος ὁ servant
κραυγή -ῆς ἡ yell, cry
τεθνηκώς (masc nom sg
perf part act) < ἀποθνήσκω die
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
31 καὶ ἐκάλεσεν Φαραω Μωυσῆν καὶ Ααρων νυκτὸς καὶ
εἶπεν αὐτοῖς Ἀνάστητε καὶ ἐξέλθατε ἐκ τοῦ λαοῦ μου καὶ
ὑμεῖς καὶ οἱ υἱοὶ Ισραηλ· βαδίζετε καὶ λατρεύσατε κυρίῳ
τῷ θεῷ ὑμῶν, καθὰ λέγετε·
ἀνάστητε (2nd pl aor imp act)
< ἀνίστημι stand up
βαδίζω walk
ἐξέρχομαι –ελεύσομαι -ῆλθον go away
καθά as
καλέω call
κύριος –ου ὁ lord
λαός –οῦ ὁ people
λατρεύω serve
υἱός –οῦ ὁ son
Shelmerdine Chapter 32
32 καὶ τὰ πρόβατα καὶ τοὺς βόας ὑμῶν ἀναλαβόντες
πορεύεσθε, εὐλογήσατε δὲ κἀμέ. 33 καὶ κατεβιάζοντο οἱ
Αἰγύπτιοι τὸν λαὸν σπουδῇ ἐκβαλεῖν αὐτοὺς ἐκ τῆς γῆς·
εἶπαν γὰρ ὅτι Πάντες ἡμεῖς ἀποθνῄσκομεν.
(LXX Ἔξοδος 12.29-33)
ἀναλαμβάνω –λήψομαι –έλαβον take up
βοῦς βοός ὁ/ἡ bull, cow
ἐκβάλλω –βαλῶ -έβαλον throw out
εὐλογίζω bless
κἀμέ = καὶ ἐμέ
καταβιάζω force
λαός –οῦ ὁ people
πρόβατον –ου τό herd
σπουδῇ quickly