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ITE 1 Chapter 5 Chapter 5 • Chapter 5 is a Large Chapter • It has a great deal of useful information about operating systems. • You will find this VERY helpful when dealing with computer problems The Boot Process • When the computer starts up the BIOS has a setting that tells the computer where to find the boot device(s). • It also has the order the computer is to check them in. • You can set the order. The Boot Process • When Windows starts it finds the boot device information in a file called boot.ini • .ini files are used by Windows to hold all kinds of setting information. • These files live in a place called the Registry. The Boot Process • In Windows if you get a message during boot up that “NTLDR is missing” the OS Kernel has been corrupted or erased. • The machine will not boot until the file is fixed or replaced. • You do this by launching the “Recovery Console” from the installation disk under “Repair XP”. The Boot Process • In Windows 95 and 98 a utility that checked the hard drive for errors was called Chkdsk. • It ran if the machine did not shut down properly. • The utility is still part of the OS and you can run it anytime you have concerns about the hard drive. File Formats • Windows mainly uses 2 currently. • They are FAT32 and NTFS • You can convert a drive from FAT 32 to NTFS by running a convert utility. • NTFS has more security features than FAT32. • Other OS’s can read Windows formats or they may have their own. Installing Windows • Drive partitioning is done at the beginning of the installation process. • Windows XP can support up to 4 partitions per hard drive. Installing Windows • If Windows XP Pro fails to autostart the installation process you can do so by launching a file called winnt32. Installing Windows • The process of installing takes over an hour. • A shortcut if you are doing several identical machines is to create an image of the first machine and copy it to the others. • This is called several names including cloning, ghosting and imaging. Upgrades/Updates • In Windows if you cannot boot properly after upgrading you can roll back the drivers by: • Hitting F8 during the boot process • Choosing “boot to last known good configuration”. • You can also boot into “Safe Mode” to run without most device drivers to fix a problem manually. Upgrades/Updates • In Windows installing new hardware has been made simpler through technology called “Plug ‘N Play”. (PnP) Upgrades/Updates • Windows can be set to automatically update itself by activating “Automatic Updates” in the control panel. Upgrades/Updates • New hardware is assured compatibility with Windows because developers follow a set of guidelines called API. Upgrades/Updates • In Windows you can confirm that hardware is working properly and has the proper driver by checking Device Manager. Upgrades/Updates • Restore Points can be created in Windows to get you back to a place before software was installed. • These points should be created before installing new device drivers or OS updates. • MAC just added this feature. Upgrades/Updates • New hardware can be checked for compatibility on Microsoft’s Compatibility List Other OS’s • Other OS’s have the same basic functions as Windows. • They include: • • • • DOS Mac Linux Others Other OS’s • DOS • DOS (Disk Operating System) did most everything Windows does through a command-line interface. • DOS still exists within Windows • It is useful for many functions • Automating tasks Other OS’s • DOS • Some commands: • Dir - Generates a list of all files and folders in the current directory. • CD/ Changes current directory • MD Makes a directory • Copy filename.xxx c:/directory/filename.xxx Other OS’s • DOS • All of the OS’s allow you to set file attributes. • These include things like “Read Only” and Archival. • Archival means that the file will be backed up. • Backing up data is the best way to protect it. Network OS’s • Servers (Or other computers) in Windows can be found in “My Network Places”. • Servers usually run a different version of the system software.