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Introduction to Operating Systems
Part I: Operating Systems Overview
Part II: Operating Systems in Practice
(focusing on Windows and Linux)
PLEASE MAKE COPIES OF LINSPIRE LIVE-CD
FOR LAB PRACTICE THIS WEEK
Early Computers
• Charles Babbage (1791-1871) designed the
first true digital computer called the
analytical engine.
• That was purely mechanical and intended
to do math operations
• The engine was supposed to be made of
brass, and steam powered
• He did not actually built the machine but
inspired others in the field.
2
Early Computers
• Babbage also thought of
the concept of software
• And hired the first
programmer (Lady Ada,
Countess of Lovelace) for
his analytical machine
3
Current Computer Systems
• A computer system consists of
– hardware
– system programs
– application programs
4
What is an Operating System
• It is the software that enables us to use the hardware
• It is a resource manager
– Allocates system resources such as I/O devices, CPU etc
– Schedules different jobs etc
5
History of Operating Systems
• First generation 1945 - 1955
– vacuum tubes, plug boards
– Still very slow and used for scientific calculations
• No OS was needed
• Programs were entered by setting some switches
6
History of Operating Systems
• Second generation 1955 – 1965
– transistors, batch systems
– Universities started to buy computers (spending millions of
dollars)
– Punched cards were used
– To run a job (a program or a set of related programs) first punch it
and give the deck to the operators and wait for the output (batch
operation)
– Computers were single user
IBM
STRETCH
DEC
PDP-1
7
History of Operating Systems
Third generation 1965 – 1980
– Integrated Circuits
– Engineer at the Advanced Computing Systems Division of
IBM, 1968, commenting on the microchip
– "But what ... is it good for?"
8
Famous Remarks
• "I have traveled the length and breadth of this
country and talked with the best people, and I can
assure you that data processing is a fad that won't
last out the year.“
– The editor in charge of business books for Prentice Hall 1957
9
History of Operating Systems
• Multiprogramming system
– three jobs in memory – 3rd generation
10
History of Operating Systems
The concept of spooling was introduced by 3rd
generation operating systemsand a memory partition
was available, it is loaded directly to memory.
Third generation OSs were still not interactive, i.e.,
whenever there is an error, programmers would
realize it after a couple of hours.
This problem lead to timesharing systems where the
user has an online terminal
11
History of Operating Systems
• Tanenbaum wrote a version of UNIX called MINIX
with POSIX support for educational use.
• A Finnish student Linus Torvalds wrote a free
production of MINIX called Linux
12
History of Operating Systems
•
Fourth generation 1980 – present
–
–
–
Personal computers were developed after LSI (Large Scale Integration) circuits were invented.
First Microcomputer:
•
Intel 8080 CPU + attached 8-inch floppy disk
•
First disk based OS CP/M (Control Program for Microcomputers)
In 1980s IBM designed the IBM PC and contacted Bill Gates for an operating System
13
Brief History of Operating
Systems Development
Recent Developments
Second Generation
Distributed computing,
personal computers, highspeed communication,
multi-media
Job scheduling, JCL, faster
I/O, spooling, batch, files
1940
1955
1965
1980
First Generation
Third Generation
Vacuum tube, single user,
early operating systems
Shared processing,
multiprogramming, virtual
memory, DBMS
Understanding Operating
Systems
14
1990
Famous Remark
• “There is no reason anyone would want a computer
in their home.“
– Ken Olson, president, chairman and founder of Digital Equipment
Corp. - 1977
15
History of Operating Systems
• Bill Gates suggested IBM that they should look at CP/M (one of
the the most successful OS for microcomputers at that time, by
Gary Kildall)
• The biggest mistake of all:
– Kindall refused to sign a non-disclosure agreement
• IBM went back to Bill Gates and signed a contract with him to
write an OS for their new home computer
• MS-DOS was based on QDOS, the "Quick and Dirty Operating
System" written by Tim Paterson of Seattle Computer Products,
• QDOS was based on Gary Kildall's CP/M
• Microsoft bought the rights to QDOS for $50,000
16
Famous Remark
• "I think there is a world market for maybe five
computers."
– Thomas Watson, chairman of IBM - 1943
17
History of Operating Systems
• Early MS-DOS was very primitive but later versions
included advanced features taken from UNIX
• The early OS for microcomputers were based on users
typing in commands from the keyboard
• Doug Engelbart from SRI invented the Graphical User
Interface (GUI) with windows, icons, menus, and mouse.
18
History of Operating Systems
• Steve Jobs saw the value of GUI in a PC and developed
the Apple computer with GUI (Apple Macintosh) in his
garage.
• He is also the co-founder of Pixar which has created
very successful animated films: Toy Story ; A Bug's
Life; Toy Story 2; Finding Nemo; Monsters.
19
Yet another Famous Remarks!
• "640K ought to be enough for anybody."
– Bill Gates, 1981
20
History of Operating Systems
• Microsoft developed a GUI-based system called Windows which
originally ran on top of MS-DOS (just as a GUI to DOS)
• Windows 95 and 98 were real GUI based operating systems still
based on 16 bit Intel assembly language
• Windows NT is 32-bit rewrite from scratch version of Windows
98.
• Windows 2000 (Windows NT version 5.0), Windows Me.
21
History of Computing
http://www.computerhistory.org/
• Hewlett Packard was
founded in 1939
by David Packard and Bill
Hewlett,
• Their first product, the HP
200A Audio Oscillator
• Walt Disney Pictures
ordered eight of the 200B
model to use during the
creation of the movie
“Fantasia.”
22
History of Computing
http://www.computerhistory.org/
Computer wars:
Germany vs Britain
Alan Turing: The bombe
23
Overview of Operating Systems
• Introduction
• Operating System
Components
• Machine Hardware
• Types of Operating Systems
• Brief Introduction of OS
Development – focusing on
Linux (because we’re already
familiar with Windows
• Linux vs Windows
• The implications of of Linux
in education
Understanding Operating Systems
24
Components of an Operating System
Operating system – part of the computing system
that manages all of the hardware and all of the
software
– Controls every file, device, section of main memory &
every nanosecond of processing time
• Memory manager
• Processor manager
• Device manager
•
File manager
Operating system
consists of
25
Subsystems Must Work
With Each Other
26
Tasks Performed by Each Subsystem
1. Monitor its resources continuously
2. Enforce the policies that determine who gets
what, when and how much
3. Allocate the resource when appropriate
4. Deallocate the resource (reclaim it) when
appropriate
27
Machine Hardware
• Memory chips
• Input/output devices (monitor, keyboard, printer)
• Storage devices (disks, magnetic tape, card
readers, drums)
• Central Processing Unit (Arithmetic Logic Unit,
registers, internal control, bus control)
28
Windows XP
Windows Vista
• Win release after XP (Oct 01
2006)
• Desktop only release
• Originally 2004, now 2006
• WinFS (NTFS add-on) OUT
• Avalon 3D GUI layer, XMLbased
• Based on .NET APIs WinFX
• Digital Rights Restrictions
Windows Vista
MacOS X (Refer to Introduction to MAC OS
downloadable from http//:zaipul.wikispaces.com)
Introduction to Linux
What we will cover
•
•
•
•
Why Linux?
What is Linux?
Myths of Linux
Example GUIs &
app's
• Summary
Origins of Linux
• Began as student Project by Linus Torvalds
Opened up to the world, now backed
by big business
• Scientific cooperation model
• Open source implications
Better security, anyone can improve,
open to all, improved competition, cheaper, faster
• Matured over 14 years
WinXP (3-12 years),
Solaris 2 (15yrs),
MAC OS (26 years)
Linux kernel
• Linus Torvalds in 1991
• Based on Minix kernel
• Linux kernel works with
GNU components
• Allow commercial
redistribution (GPLv2)
GNU Project (GNU’s Not Unix)
• Linux truly began from the
inspiration of a brilliant
man Richard Stallman in
1983.
• To develop Unix-like OS
composed entirely of free
software (GNU GPLv1)
What is Linux ?
• UNIX-like operating system
• Comprised
– System utilities
– Libraries
From GNU Project
Sometimes called GNU Linux
• Supported by: IBM, Sun, Novell, Microsoft,…
What is Linux?
Kernel
+ cmds/libs
+ apps
+ installer = a DISTRO
Well-known distros
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Slackware
Debian
Redhat, Fedora
SuSE (drived from Slackware)
Ubuntu (drived from Debian)
Knoppix
Linspire (drived from Debian)
Distros
• Business
• Embedded
• Webserver
• Home Desktop!
Why Choose Linux?
•
•
•
•
•
•
Stability . Since Linux is based on the stable UNIX operating system, it inherits
that stability and reliability. Our Linux servers have uptimes in the MONTHS.
Linux is open-source, which means the source code is readily available to anyone
who wants it. Since the source code available, thousands of developers all over
the world are able to contribute and improve Linux. As a result, security patches
and new drivers come out quickly, sometimes in less than a day. This insures a
very stable operating system and high uptime for your network operations.
Affordability . You can download Linux software for free from the Internet at Real
Time Enterprises´ local mirror or CDs can be purchased from distribution vendors
for as little as $40.
Linux can run on PC-based hardware. This means it´s easy to add disk space or
memory. AND, some services will run very well on a P1 with 64MB RAM, which
you probably have collecting dust at your office.
Speed . Many studies have proven that on equal hardware, Linux is several times
faster than Windows NT. In our own experience a Linux fileserver running Samba
was at least 10 times faster than a Windows NT server and the NT server had
faster, better hardware!
Linux uses a graphical user interface that is similar to other proprietary operating
systems. (example: Microsoft XP or Mac OSX)
Growth to today
•
•
•
•
1996 KDE desktop environment
1997 GNOME
1998 Netscape source code, Mozilla Firefox
2000 StarOffice by Sun, then OpenOffice.org
And now and future
• 25% server, 2.8%
desktop (IDC, 2004)
• Expected $38 billion in
2008
Philosophy of Linux
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Free software and open source
Freedom to use without restrictions
Freedom to study software and its source code
Freedom to modifyo redistribute under certain conditions
Interoperability (with other OSs)
Portability (on various architectures)
Community
Commercialization
Linux distributions (distro)
• To collect separate softwares, including:
– Boot loader
– Linux kernel
– GNU libraries and tools
– Command-line shells
– Graphical X Window System
– Desktop environment
– Application software packages
Sweet Spot Linux Use
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Supercomputer clusters
Web servers
Firewalls, routers, caches
File servers
Mail servers
PDA, cell phones
Embedded real time (gas pumps, Tivo etc)
Linux Myths
• Zero cost
• Difficult to learn
• Only for servers
• Less secure than
Windows
• Invulnerably secure
• Always suitable
Myths debunked
✗ Without cost
A few distros free, most are commercial.
Support is important
✗ Difficult to learn
Linspire is easy for anyone to learn & use
✗ Only for servers
Linspire well-proven on laptops, desktops
✗ Less secure than Windows
Linux has secure alternatives to IE, Outlook,
and the registry – 3 of the buggiest virus
propagators around. Still should follow
good security practices
✗ Always suitable
Works very well for surfing/email/Word
Requirements for a Desktop Linux
• Compatible with your
data
• Popular applications
• Secure
• Easy to use
• Plays all media
• Paid support
• Reasonably priced
• Easy to install
Linux vs. Windows
Linux
Linux has different
versions, depending on which
vendor develops and runs it.
Linux vendors include:
Linspire, Red Hat, SuSE,
Ubuntu, Mandriva, Knoppix,
Slackware, Caldera, Debian

Windows
Windows has different
versions. It started with Win3.x,
Win9x, WinME, WinNT, Win2000,
WinXP. It is a proprietary
software produced by Microsoft.

Linux
Windows
Cost
Cost
Linux is cheap or free to run.
It can be downloaded from
various Linux vendors.
Windows is expensive to run.
The price to purchase a full
version of Windows XP
Professional is about USD400.
 Only one copy of Windows may
 Linux may run off a server so
numerous computers may have be used on a computer. Activation
with Microsoft is needed.
access to the program.


Linux
Windows
Cost
Cost
Linux is an open source
software. Source codes are
freely distributed to the public,
of which programmers had
reviewed to improve
performance, eliminate bugs
and strengthen security.

Windows is a proprietary closed
source software. Codes are not
released to the public.

Linux
Windows
OS Stability
OS Stability
When properly configured,
 It is known to crash easily, and
Linux will run until the
be infected by bugs and viruses.
hardware fails or if the system
is shut down.
 Linux claims that it may
continuously run up to more
than a year without freezing or
shutting down.
 It is not as prone to bugs and
viruses as most are geared
towards Windows.

Linux
Windows
Technical Support
Technical Support
As source codes are easily
accessible, solving technical
problems are effective and
efficient.
 Linux users rely on
installation guides, or Linux
forums to receive advice and
suggestions from other users
on technical problems. Very
few businesses have trained
staff to solve Linux bugs.

Proprietary software requires
technicians to rely on Microsoft for
technical information to fix bugs
and problems.
 Numerous businesses have on
site technicians that are Microsoft
Certified Professionals.

There is a catch.
• Any modifications made to any programs must be
released to the public. This is known as “Copyleft”
• According to Richard Stallman, software developers
have the right to make changes, share codes, use
and redistribute, but are not bound to give away any
derived work.
Linux and Education
The positive and negative implications of
Linux on Education.
Cost
Installation,
technical
support
Hardware
requirement
Linux
and
Education
Software
requirement
Transition
Period
Software
applicability
Linux and Education
Cost
Problem/Question
Expensive to purchase proprietary
software licenses.

Expensive to upgrade proprietary
software.

Edu. Inst. have a tight technology
budget and are limited to the number
of licenses they can purchase. As a
result, not all systems in a lab will
run the same kinds of programs.

Possible Solution
Linux can be obtained for free or at
a low cost.

Software upgrades or modifications
to programs are offered to the public
at no cost.


Linux runs on a server.
Linux and Education
Hardware Requirement
Problem/Question
Due to budget constraint, many
schools still run on 486, Pentium I, II,
III. This is evident in many inner-city
schools where the communities
cannot afford to upgrade technology.
 Expensive to upgrade hardware for
proprietary software.
They are slow, and incompatible with
the new versions of Windows or other
current software applications that
require more RAM.

Possible Solution
Linux runs on networked servers
and so may continue to use the 486,
Pentium I, II, III.
The community can also donate their
old systems to their neighborhood
school.
 Linux runs on minimal hardware
requirements.
 Linux forums recommend that the
minimal system requirements to
function with decent performance is
Pentium III, 128MB memory, 3Gb hard
drive space, and bootable CD drive.

Linux and Education
Software Requirement
Problem/Question
Expensive to purchase proprietary
software licenses.

Expensive to upgrade proprietary
software.

Edu. Inst. have a tight technology
budget and are limited to the number
of licenses they can purchase. As a
result, not all systems in a lab will
run the same kinds of programs.

Possible Solution
Linux can be obtained for free or at
a low cost.

Software upgrades or modifications
to programs are offered to the public
at no cost.
 Old systems without graphical
interface and minimum applications
will not be compatible with recent
Linux versions.

Linux runs on a server and
computers can be networked to all
run on the same programs.

Linux and Education
Software Applicability
Problem/Question
Many Edu. Inst. had spent millions
of dollars in purchasing software
licenses. This includes Windows,
Microsoft Office and Educational
games. If the movement of Linux is
successful, the investment of these
licenses are non-refundable.

In the future, when the student
needs to use Windows in the
workforce, and not Linux-they would
lack the knowledge and training.
Possible Solution
There are Linux software programs
similar to the function of Windows
Microsoft. This includes Open Office,
Star Office, KOffice.

No Solution

Very few game editors publish
Linux versions of their games. Schools
will have no choice other than to stay
with Windows.

Linux and Education
Installation and Technical Support
Problem/Question
As the majority of Edu. Inst. owned
computers do not run on Linux, they
lack on-site trained and experienced
technicians to install and provide
technical support.
 There is already a shortage of
technicians hired by the school board
due to budget constraint.

Possible Solution
Design professional-development
workshops to train existing and new
technicians with Linux, as well as teach
teachers so they may educate their
students in return.
 It takes fewer people to manage the
Linux machines than Windows
machines.

Linux and Education
Transition Period
Problem/Question
Windows and Linux operating
system do not work similarly. Users
need to invest time to adapt to the
change in OS.

Possible Solution
Some Windows applications may
run on Linux, when an emulator is
used. A common emulator is called
Wine.
 Install Windows and Linux on the
same computer, which may act as an
easier transition for beginners or
those who are fans of both OS.
