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The Byzantine Empire and the Rise of Europe The Early Byzantine Empire Capital: Byzantium On the Bosporus Golden Horn Commercial, strategic value of location Constantine names capital after himself (Constantinople), moves capital there after 330 C.E. 1453, falls to Turks, renamed Istanbul Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Caesaropapism Power centralized in figure of emperor Christian leader cannot claim divinity, rather divine authority Political rule Involved in religious rule as well Authority absolute Justinian (527-565 C.E.) The “sleepless emperor” Wife Theodora as advisor Ambitious construction programs Background: circus performer The church of Hagia Sophia Justinian’s code: codification of Roman law Byzantine Conquests Effort to reconquer much of western Roman empire from Germanic people Unable to consolidate control of territories Abandon Rome Muslim Conquests Seventh century, Arab Muslim expansion Besieged Byzantium 674-678, 717-718 Defense made possible through use of “Greek fire” Theme System Themes (provinces) under control of generals Military administration Control from central imperial government Soldiers from peasant class, rewarded with land grants The Germanic Successor States Last Roman emperor deposed by Germanic Odoacer, 476 C.E. Administrative apparatus still in place, but cities lose population Germanic successor states: Visigoths Ostrogoths Lombards Franks The Late Byzantine Empire Eleventh century, wealthy landowners undermine the theme system Free peasants become dependent agricultural laborers Diminished tax receipts Challenges from the West Western European economic development Normans from Scandinavia press on Byzantine territories Crusades of twelfth and thirteenth centuries rampage through Byzantine territory Constantinople sacked, 1204 Challenges from the East Muslim Saljuqs invade Anatolia Threatens grain supply Defeat of Byzantine army in 1071 creates civil conflict Period of steady decline until Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople in 1453 Renamed Istanbul Successor States to the Roman Empire, ca. 600 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Franks Heavy influence on European development, fifth to ninth centuries Conversion to Christianity gains popular support Firm alliance with western Christian church Charlemagne (r. 768-814) Grandson of Charles Martel Centralized imperial rule Functional illiterate, but sponsored extensive scholarship Major military achievements Charlemagne’s Administration Capital at Aachen, Germany Yet constant travel throughout empire Imperial officials: missi dominici (“envoys of the lord ruler”) Continued yearly circuit travel Charlemagne as Emperor Hesitated to challenge Byzantines by taking title “emperor” Yet ruled in fact Pope Leo III crowns him as emperor in 800 Planned in advance? Challenge to Byzantium The Carolingian Empire, 814 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. The Vikings From village of Vik, Norway (hence “Viking”) Boats with shallow drafts, capable of river travel as well as on open seas Attacked villages, cities, monasteries from ninth century Constantinople sacked three times Carolingians had no navy, dependent on local defenses The Dissolution of the Carolingian Empire (843 C.E.) and the Invasions of Early Medieval Europe in the Ninth and Tenth Centuries ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Pope Gregory I (590-604 C.E.) “Gregory the Great” Asserted papal primacy Prominent theologian Sacrament of penance The Holy Roman Empire Otto I of Saxony takes advantage of decline of Carolingian empire to establish kingdom in north Germany, mid-tenth century C.E. Military forays into eastern Europe Twice enters Italy to aid Roman Catholic church Pope John XII names Otto emperor of Holy Roman Empire, 962 C.E. Tensions between Emperors and the Church Investiture Contest, late eleventh to early twelfth century Pope Gregory VII (1073-1085) attempts to end practice of lay investiture Excommunicates Emperor Henry IV (1056-1106) German peoples take opportunity to rebel Quashed with difficulty Frederick Barbarossa (r. 1152-1190 C.E.) Frederick I, “red beard” Attempt to absorb Lombardy (northern Italy) Popes did not want him to gain that much power, enlisted aid from other states Frederick forced to back down Regional Monarchies: France and England Capetian France Hugh Capet succeeds last Carolingian Emperor, 987 C.E. Slowly expands authority out from Paris Normans in England Invade England in 1066 under William the Conqueror Dominate Angles, Saxons, and other Germanic groups Iberian Peninsula Muslims control Iberian peninsula, eighth to twelfth century From eleventh century on, Christian conquest of Spanish Muslim territories Late thirteenth century, Muslims remain only in Granada European Population Growth, 800-1300 C.E. 80 70 60 50 40 Millions 30 20 10 0 800 CE 1000 1100 1200 1300 CE ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. Crusading Orders Religious Christians form military-religious orders Templars, Hospitallers, Teutonic Knights Religious vows of opposition to Islam, paganism Founded churches and monasteries The Reconquest of Sicily and Spain Sicily taken by Muslims in ninth century, reconquered by Normans in eleventh century Slow displacement of Islam Opportunity for cross-cultural fertilization Two small Christian states survive Muslim conquest Become nucleus of reconquest, 1060s-1492 Rapid, forceful assertions of Christian authority The Beginning of the Crusades Pope Urban II calls for liberation of Jerusalem from Muslim control, 1095 Council of Clermont “Deus vult” – “God wills it!” ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 30 The First Crusade 1096-1099, more organized expedition Captures Jerusalem, largely due to poor Muslim organization Salah al-Din (Saladin) recaptures Jerusalem in 1187 ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved. 31 The Regional States of Medieval Europe, 1000-1300 C.E. ©2011, The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved.