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AP TEST REVIEW
Session 3
600 C.E. – 1450 C.E.
The Post-Classical Age
ISLAM BEGINS
• Prophet Muhammad in Mecca, early 7th century
• Message from God was to make his people
(Arabs) of one religion (monotheistic) to unify
themselves and submit to his will
• Polytheist Mecca rejected him, forcing his
“Hijra” to Medina in 622 C.E.
• Muhammad and his Umma return to Mecca and
conquer it, thus beginning the spread of Islam
throughout the Arab world and beyond
•After Muhammad’s death in 632 CE, Abu Bakr
takes over and becomes the first CALIPH
(political and religious leader combined)
– Islam will continue to grow and spread into
Southwest Asia, Africa, and Europe
– Sunni and Shia Islam split over the issue of
succession of Muhammad
Umayyad Caliphate
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Capital located in Damascus, Syria
Arabic became the official language
Gold and silver became monetary standard
Conquered people were encouraged to convert to Islam for
sake of unity; those who did not convert were taxed
• In power from 661-750 C.E.
• Arabs were the higher social class (original converts to Islam,
therefore became the preferred social class)
ABBASID CALIPHATE
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Reigned from 750 – 1258 C.E.
“Golden Age” of Islam
Built magnificent capital at Baghdad
Trade was a priority for the Abbasid
Huge innovations in science, math, medicine, literature
Established libraries that helped preserve Western culture
Sufis helped convert people through their mystical, romantic methodology which stressed
personal relationship to Allah
• Converts to Islam (the “Mawali”) were treated better than in the Umayyad Caliphate
where Arabs were the elites
THE ABBASID GOLDEN AGE
WOMEN IN ISLAM
• Typical of a patriarchal society, women
were viewed as property and had little
rights
• Women’s testimony was worth ½ of a
man’s
• Qu’ran established basic rights for women
and gave them equality before God
• Khadija, Muhammad’s first wife, was an
influential figure
• Women were veiled in public (modesty
and protection)
• Women were kept at home mostly since
domestic responsibilities were seen as
their primary duty in life
• Men could have many wives but women
were required to be faithful to one man
• Weakened by:
– conflict between
Sunni/Shia
– Different ethnic
groups in expanding
Muslim world
– Turkish Mamluks
revolted (military
slaves)
– Seljuk Turks were
also threatening
– Mongol Invasion
was the final blow
that ended the
Abbasid Caliphate in
the 13th century
DECLINE OF THE ABBASID
BYZANTINE EMPIRE
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The Roman Empire in the East (divided Empire)
Greek speakers (not Latin like in the West)
Orthodox Christianity (not Catholic)
Byzantine Rulers had absolute authority
– Caesaropapism (both emperor and pope)
– Outlasts the Western Roman Empire by almost 1000 years
JUSTINIAN & The Justinian Code
Justinian ruled the Byzantine Empire in the 6th century CE and
restored the glory of the Roman Empire at Constantinople. His legal
system (Justinian Code), based on the 12 Tables of Rome, was
significant because they kept a codified legal system in use in Europe.
He also built the Hagia Sofia in Constantinople
Justinian’s Reign
• Constantinople’s glory was restored
• Trade and the arts flourished
• Justinian Code made laws codified and kept
Roman legal principles alive
• Hagia Sofia was constructed
HAGIA SOFIA (INSIDE)
Orthodox vs. Catholic
• The two Christian denominations
were at odds with each other
over several theological issues
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Language of the liturgy
Marriage of priests
Communion
Trinitarian nature of God
• Eventually there was a SCHISM
in 1054 C.E. when leaders from
both churches
excommunicated each other!
• East vs. West
RUSSIA
• Vladimir converts the people of Kiev to
Orthodox Christianity; will stay distinct from
Western Europe as a result
• St. Cyril uses Greek alphabet to create a Slavic
alphabet in order to better reach his potential
converts
FRANKS VS.
MUSLIMS
• In Europe, Christianity was growing but so was the threat
from Islam (Spain and southern Italy)
• King Clovis of the Franks (Germanic tribe) unified the region
under the religion of Catholicism, making it easier to fight
another religion like Islam
• Charles Martel helped defeat Muslim army at the Battle of
Tours in 732 (stopping Islam from dominating northern
Europe)
• Martel forms the Carolingian Dynasty and crowns his son
Pepin (who gets blessed by the Pope, a sign of the power of
the Papacy in northern Europe)
CHARLES MARTEL
and the Battle of Tours, 732 C.E.
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
• Pepin’s son Charles (Charlemagne) will
build the empire and it will come to be called
the Holy Roman Empire
CHARLEMAGNE
A Different Kind of Empire:
• The Holy Roman Empire was small,
decentralized, and relatively weak
• Local lords had a great deal of power and did
not consult Charlemagne on everything
• Charlemagne did not collect taxes and did not
build a very strong empire
• Treaty of Verdun breaks the empire into thirds
in 843 C.E. (going to his 3 grandsons)
OMG!!!
RUN FOR YOUR LIFE!
THE NORSEMEN (VIKINGS)
• Excellent seafarers from
northern Europe who
also were really
excellent raiders
• Also good fishermen &
merchants
• Eventually converted to
Christianity, and they
weren’t quite as much
fun to be around
(according to this guy)
FEUDALISM IN EUROPE
FEUDAL PYRAMID
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KING
– NOBLES
• LESSER LORDS (VASSALS)
– LESSER VASSALS
» PEASANTS (serfs)
FEUDAL SYSTEM
• Estates given to vassals = FIEFS (later manors)
• Lord and peasants lived on the manor
• Peasants worked for the lord in exchange for
protection and homes
• Serfs were tied to the land and couldn’t leave or
move without permission
• Code of Chivalry in place to keep lords (knights) in
line
• Women of elite class were valued for feminine
traits but still essentially considered property
HANSEATIC LEAGUE
• A trade alliance throughout northern Europe
• Made possible due to the growth of towns
thanks to the decline of the manor system and
the birth of the middle class in Europe
ARCHITECTURE: GOTHIC STYLE
Gothic Architecture was known for pointed spires, flying buttresses, and stained glass
THE CRUSADES
• Military campaigns to take back the Holy Land
and convert Muslims and non-Christians to
Christianity
• Control of the trade routes of the
Mediterranean and Silk Roads was also vital
The Church Militant
• Pope Innocent III issued decrees on church
doctrine
• Jews and heretics were persecuted (tortured,
excommunicated, killed, or exiled)
• The Inquisition with Pope Gregory IX
Bubonic Plague
• Estimated 35 million deaths
• Started in China and spread due to trade and
the Mongol control of Silk Road
• Helped bring an end to feudalism in Europe
(loss of workers meant more value to
peasants/serfs)
• Social and economic changes were sped up
• Church lost power and believers
CHANGES IN EUROPE
• England unifies under William the
Conqueror
– Magna Carta (1215 C.E.) gives rights to
nobles and lessens absolute power of king
• Germanic and Italian city-states
decentralize
• “Countries” start to form, along linguistic
and cultural lines
• France and England begin fighting, and
haven’t really stopped hating each other
since…Hundred Years War (1337-1453)
• Queen Isabella marries Ferdinand and
unifies Spain (with the Catholic Church’s
blessing and assistance)
• Spain becomes a world power and the
world is about to change in a big way
TANG DYNASTY CHINA
• Ruled from 618-907 CE
• Expanded into Manchuria, Tibet, Korea,
Mongolia
• Overexpansion led to lack of control and
warlords seized power, Tang collapsed
CHINA- continued
• Tang and Song Dynasties used the civil service
examinations which began under the Han
• This kept numbers of educated, Confucianist, loyal
government workers in bureaucracy
• Tang collected tribute from other countries including
Vietnam and Korea
• Moveable Type helped literacy (Song)
• Song also developed gunpowder and the junk ship,
along with the magnetic compass
• Champa rice helped double the population and
contributed to urbanization in China
CIVIL SERVICE EXAMINATIONS
CHINESE INNOVATIONS
EMPRESS WU ZHAO
• Tang Dynasty had a woman emperor (unique)
• Blame it on Buddhism! Confucianists were
not happy with this development
Foot Binding during
Song Dynasty
• To keep women in rightful place (for elites this
meant at home), Chinese practiced foot
binding to keep the female feet small and
childlike (big feet were considered masculine)
JAPAN
• Yamato Clan takes over leadership, claiming to
be direct descendants of the sun goddess, one
of the main deities in Shinto religion
• Yamato stayed in power for 1500 years…even
today the emperor is from the same family
• Hereditary social structure: different than
Confucianist China and civil service exams
based on merit rather than family
FEUDAL JAPAN
If Japan could do it all over again, you
know they would have someone very
different at the top of the feudal pyramid…
BUSHIDO (Chivalry)
THE DELHI SULTANATE
of INDIA
• Islamic invaders took over northwestern India
and tried to convert Hindus or tax them
• Northern India was changed, many converted
to Islam while those in the south stayed Hindu
• Much development occurred during this time
period for India
Delhi Sultanate India
THE MONGOLS
• Excellent horsemen and archers
• Genghis Khan in the early 1200’s unified
various Mongol tribes and began conquest of
much of Eurasia
MONGOL HORDES
• Golden Horde conquered Russia
• Kublai Khan (emperor) ruled in China (Yuan
Dynasty)
• Il-Khanate ruled SW Asia
• Chagatai ruled in South Asia
PAX MONGOLICA
• Trade flourished thanks to Mongol control of the trade routes (no one dared
messed with traders since the Mongols would exact revenge if money did not
reach them)
• Mongols were in the game solely for wealth extraction, not promotion of their
own culture (unlike Greeks, British, French)
AFRICA
• Mali in western Africa (city of Timbuktu)
• Mansa Musa travels to Mecca and shows off
the great wealth of his kingdom (gold/salt)
• Islam had major impact on West Africa
TRANS-SAHARA TRADE ROUTES
THE AMERICAS
• Maya in Central America
• Inca in the Andes Mountains of S. America
• Aztec in Mexico
AZTEC EMPIRE
• Tenochtitlan capital city
• Tens of thousands of
ritual sacrifices to deities
(war captives)
• Warriors were the elite
social class
• Tribute required of
neighboring states
AZTECS…gotta get that Sun to keep
rising.
INCA EMPIRE
• 2000 miles of South
American coastline
• Professional army
• Established bureaucracy
• Unified language
• Roads and bridges
connecting the empire
• Mit’a System in place to
maintain infrastructure
of empire
MAYA
• Largely agricultural peasant population
• Warfare frequent (decentralized city-states)
• Large cities of 40,000 people
INDIAN OCEAN TRADE
• In the post-classical era, Persians and Arabs
dominated trade in the Indian Ocean
• Connected ports in eastern Africa (Swahili Coast)
with ports in Western India and the Persian Gulf
• Boats used monsoon winds to travel
• Safer travel in Indian Ocean compared to the
Mediterranean (where warfare was constant)
• Blended cultures as a result of sailors marrying
women in different ports
THE SILK ROAD
• Carried more than silk (porcelain,
paper)
• Religions were also transmitted
along the Silk Road
– Buddhism from India to China
– Islam to Central Asia and beyond
– Christianity
– Cultural Diffusion at work (religion,
languages, food, art, and products
spread around the world as a
result of the Silk Road)
AP Essay Prompts from
the Post-Classical Era
2010 Comparative Essay
Analyze similarities and differences in the rise
of TWO of the following empires:
• Mongol Empire
• Aztec Empire
• A West African Sudanic Empire (Mali OR
Ghana OR Songhai)
AP Essay Prompts from
the Post-Classical Era
2009 Change and Continuity over Time
Analyze changes and continuities in patterns
of interactions along the Silk Roads from 200
BCE to 1450 CE
AP Essay Prompts from
the Post-Classical Era
• 2008 Change and Continuity over Time
Analyze changes and continuities in commerce
in the Indian Ocean region from 650 CE to
1750 CE
AP Essay Prompts from
the Post-Classical Era
2005 Comparison Essay
Compare and contrast the political and
economic effects of Mongol rule on TWO of
the following regions:
• China
• Middle East
• Russia
AP Essay Prompts from
the Post-Classical Era
2003 Change and Continuity Essay
Describe and analyze the cultural, economic,
and political impact of Islam on ONE of the
following regions between 1000 CE and 1750
CE:
• West Africa
• South Asia
• Europe
AP Essay Prompts from
the Post-Classical Era
• 2002 DBQ Essay
Using the documents, compare and contrast
the attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward
merchants and trade from the religions’
origins until about 1500.