Download Lecture 1 - Auburn University

Testing Analog & Digital Products
Dr. Vishwani D. Agrawal
James J. Danaher Professor of Electrical and
Computer Engineering
Auburn University, Alabama 36849, USA
[email protected]
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~vagrawal
July 12 – 13, 2005
Copyright 2001, Agrawal & Bushnell
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Testing Analog & Digital Products
Lecture 1: Introduction
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VLSI realization process
Verification and test
Ideal and real tests
Costs of testing
Roles of testing
A modern VLSI device - system-on-a-chip
Course outline
Part I: Introduction to testing (Day-1 AM)
Part II: Test methods (Day-1 PM and Day-2 AM)
Part III: Design for testability (Day-2 PM)
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VLSI Realization Process
Customer’s need
Determine requirements
Write specifications
Design synthesis and Verification
Test development
Fabrication
Manufacturing test
Chips to customer
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Definitions
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Design synthesis: Given an I/O function, develop a
procedure to manufacture a device using known
materials and processes.
Verification: Predictive analysis to ensure that the
synthesized design, when manufactured, will perform
the given I/O function.
Test: A manufacturing step that ensures that the
physical device, manufactured from the synthesized
design, has no manufacturing defect.
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Verification vs. Test
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Verification
Verifies correctness of
design.
Performed by simulation,
hardware emulation, or
formal methods.
Performed once prior to
manufacturing.
Responsible for quality of
design.
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Test
Verifies correctness of
manufactured hardware.
Two-part process:
1. Test generation: software
process executed once
during design
2. Test application: electrical
tests applied to hardware
Test application performed on
every manufactured device.
Responsible for quality of
devices.
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Problems of Ideal Tests
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Ideal tests detect all defects produced in the
manufacturing process.
Ideal tests pass all functionally good devices.
Very large numbers and varieties of possible
defects need to be tested.
Difficult to generate tests for some real defects.
Defect-oriented testing is an open problem.
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Real Tests
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Based on analyzable fault models, which may not
map on real defects.
Incomplete coverage of modeled faults due to
high complexity.
Some good chips are rejected. The fraction (or
percentage) of such chips is called the yield loss.
Some bad chips pass tests. The fraction (or
percentage) of bad chips among all passing chips
is called the defect level.
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Testing as Filter Process
Good chips
Prob(good) = y
Prob(pass test) = high
Tested
chips
Fabricated
chips
Defective chips
Prob(bad) = 1- y
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Mostly
good
chips
Prob(fail test) = high
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Mostly
bad
chips
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Costs of Testing
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Design for testability (DFT)
Chip area overhead and yield reduction
Performance overhead
Software processes of test
Test generation and fault simulation
Test programming and debugging
Manufacturing test
Automatic test equipment (ATE) capital cost
Test center operational cost
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Present and Future*
1997 -2001
2003 - 2006
Feature size (micron)
Transistors/sq. cm
0.25 - 0.15
4 - 10M
0.13 - 0.10
18 - 39M
Pin count
Clock rate (MHz)
Power (Watts)
100 – 900
200 – 730
1.2 – 61
160 - 1475
530 - 1100
2 - 96
* SIA Roadmap, IEEE Spectrum, July 1999
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Design for Testability (DFT)
DFT refers to hardware design styles or added hardware
that reduces test generation complexity.
Motivation: Test generation complexity increases
exponentially with the size of the circuit.
Example: Test hardware applies tests to blocks A
and B and to internal bus; avoids test generation
for combined A and B blocks.
Int.
Primary
Primary
Logic
bus
Logic
outputs
inputs
block A
block B
(PO)
(PI)
Test
input
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Test
output
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Cost of Manufacturing
Testing in 2000AD
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0.5-1.0GHz; analog instruments; 1,024 digital pins:
ATE purchase price
= $1.2M + 1,024 x $3,000 = $4.272M
Running cost (five-year linear depreciation)
= Depreciation + Maintenance + Operation
= $0.854M + $0.085M + $0.5M
= $1.439M/year
Test cost (24 hour ATE operation)
= $1.439M/(365 x 24 x 3,600)
= 4.5 cents/second
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Roles of Testing
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Detection: Determination whether or not the device
under test (DUT) has some fault.
Diagnosis: Identification of a specific fault that is
present on DUT.
Device characterization: Determination and
correction of errors in design and/or test
procedure.
Failure mode analysis (FMA): Determination of
manufacturing process errors that may have
caused defects on the DUT.
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A Modern VLSI Device
System-on-a-chip (SOC)
Data
terminal
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DSP
core
RAM
ROM
Interface
logic
Mixedsignal
Codec
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Transmission
medium
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Course Outline
Part I: Introduction
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Basic concepts and definitions
Yield and product quality
Fault modeling
Day 1 AM
Reference, Chapters 1 – 4:
M. L. Bushnell and V. D. Agrawal, Essentials of Electronic
Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI
Circuits, Springer, 2000.
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~vagrawal/BOOK/books.html
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Course Outline (Cont.)
Part II: Test Methods
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Logic and fault simulation
Testability measures
Combinational circuit ATPG
Sequential circuit ATPG
Memory test
Analog test
Day 1 PM and Day 2 AM
Reference, Chapters 5 – 11:
M. L. Bushnell and V. D. Agrawal, Essentials of
Electronic Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal
VLSI Circuits, Springer, 2000.
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~vagrawal/BOOK/books.html
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Course Outline (Cont.)
Part III: DFT
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Scan design
Built-in self-test (BIST)
Boundary scan and analog test bus
System test and core-based design
Day 2 PM
Reference, Chapters 14 – 18:
M. L. Bushnell and V. D. Agrawal, Essentials of Electronic
Testing for Digital, Memory and Mixed-Signal VLSI
Circuits, Springer, 2000.
http://www.eng.auburn.edu/~vagrawal/BOOK/books.html
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