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Graphics Cards and Monitors GRAPHICS CARDS components • • • • video processor (and GPU) video RAM video ROM BIOS video DAC (DVI adapters don’t) resolution and colors old: MDA, HGC, CGA, EGA, VGA (up to 640 x 480 pixels and 256 colors) new: SVGA, UVGA, SXGA, etc (up to 2,048 x 1536 pixels and 16 million colors) GRAPHICS CARDS Connections to motherboard Peripheral component interconnect (PCI) Advanced graphics port (AGP) PCI Express (PCIe) Depth and more From 2D to 3D DirectX OpenGL comparisons GRAPHICS CARDS Calculations • Colors (4 to 32 bits) – old: 16 = 2^4 ; 256 = 2^8 – new: 32 K = 2^15; 64 K = 2^16; 16 million = 2^24; 4 billion = 2^32 • Resolution (pixels) – – – – 800 x 600 = 480,000 1024 x 768 = 786,432 1280 x 768 = 984,040 1280 x 1024 = 1,310,720 • Video memory (examples) – 800 x 600, 256 colors = 480,000 x 8 / 8 /1024 = 469 K – 1,024 x 768, 64K colors = 786,432 x 16 / 8 /1024 = 1.54 MB – 1,280 x 1024, 4 billion = 1,310,720 x 32 / 8 /1024 = 5.1 MB MONITORS • Components (CRT) – electronic circuitry – power transformer – picture tube • Specifications – vertical frequency: redraw frequency horizontal frequency: lines per second – display resolution vs. card resolution – screen size: different for CRT and LCD – connectors: analog and digital – Dot pitch MONITORS • Components (LCD) – polarized glass – liquid crystals Each pixel (picture element) consists of a column of liquid crystal molecules suspended between two transparent electrodes, and two polarizing filters. – thin film transistors (TFT) • Specifications – active and passive matrix displays – native resolution, viewing angle, brightness or luminance, contrast ratio, response rate, and adjustability CRT vs. LCD MONITORS Calculations • Monitor sizes in cm (horizontal) – 14 inches => 11 inches = 27.9 cm – 17 inches => 16 inches = 40.6 cm – 19 inches => 17 inches = 43.2 cm • Resolution and dot pitch – 1,024 x 768 => 1,024 x .25 = 256.7 mm = 25.7 cm – 800 x 600 => 800 x .25 = 200.0 mm = 20 cm – 640 x 480 => 640 x .25 = 179.2 mm = 17.9 cm • Dot pitch and pixel density – .25 = 10,000 pixels per in2 – .26 = 9,025 pixels per in2 – .28 = 7,656 pixels per in2