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presented by Group 13
INDIUM
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
Group13
Siti Rohmatikah (10503046)
Rasminda Senovita (10503047)
Nurrahmi H (10503048)
Dani Setiawan (10503049)
presented by Group 13
Overview of Indium
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
• Origin of name:
– from the brilliant indigo line in its spectrum
• History:
– discovered by Ferdinand Reich and Theodor H Richter in 1863
while they were testing zinc ores with a spectrograph in search
of thallium.
– Richter went on to isolate the metal in 1867.
– until 1924, a gram or so constituted the world's supply of this
element in isolated form
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
• Sources:
– by-product of zinc refining
– also found in iron, lead, and copper ores
presented by Group 13
Atomic Structure of Indium
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
Number of Energy Levels: 5
First Energy Level: 2
Second Energy Level: 8
Third Energy Level: 18
Fourth Energy Level: 18
Fifth Energy Level: 3
presented by Group 13
Crystal Structure of Indium
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
Tetragonal
presented by Group 13
Physical Properties
Indium
•
Atomic Mass Average
: 114.82
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
•
•
Melting Point
Boiling Point
: 156.76°C
: 2073°C
•
Conductivity:
– Electrical
– Thermal
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
•
Density
Chemical Reactions
•
Description:
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
: 7.31g/mL @ 300K
– soft, silvery-white metal with a brilliant luster
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
: 0.116 106/cm
: 0.816 W/cmK
•
•
•
Enthalpy of Atomization
Enthalpy of Fusion
Enthalpy of Vaporization
: 242.7 kJ/mole @ 25°C
: 3.28 kJ/mole
: 226.4 kJ/mole
presented by Group 13
Chemical Properties
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
•
•
•
•
Electron Work Function: 4.12eV
Electronegativity :1.78 (Pauling)
Heat of Fusion
: 3.263kJ/mol
Ionization Potential:
– First : 5.786
– Second: 18.869
– Third : 28.03
• Valence Electron Potential: -54 eV
presented by Group 13
Chemical Reactions
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
• with air:
4 In(g) + 3O2(g) → 2 In2O3(s)
• with water:
In3+(aq) + H2O(l) → In(OH)2+(aq) + H+(aq)
• with acids:
2 In2O3(s) + 12 HCl(aq) → 4 InCl3(aq) + 6 H2O(l)
• with bases:
InCl3(aq) + 4 LiH(s) → LiInH4(aq) + 3 LiCl(aq)
• with halogens:
3 In(s) + CaF2(aq) → 3 InF2(aq) + Ca2+(aq)
presented by Group 13
Isotopes & Abundance
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
• about as abundant as silver
• 4 million troy ounces of indium are now
produced annually in the world
• Isotopes’ Half Life
–
–
–
–
–
–
In-111
In-113
In-114
In-115
In-116
In-117
: 2.8 days
: Stable (4,3%)
: 1.2 minutes
: 4.4 x 1014 years (95,7%)
: 14.1 seconds
: 44.0 minutes
presented by Group 13
Use of Indium
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
• low-melting alloys (an alloy of 24% indium - 76% gallium is liquid
at room temperature)
• Used to make photoconductors, germanium transistors, rectifiers,
and thermistors.
• electroluminescent panels
• light filter in low pressure sodium vapor lamps
• Indium phosphide semiconductors and indium-tin-oxide (ITO) thin
films for liquid crystal displays (LCDs)
• eutectic alloy of gallium, indium, and tin (Galinstan®), is widely
available in fever thermometers
• Can also be plated onto metals and evaporated onto glass which
forms a mirror which is as good as those made with silver but has
higher corrosion resistance.
• fusible alloys, solders, dental alloys, nuclear control rods, and
electronics
presented by Group 13
Health Effects
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
• Pure indium in metal form is considered nontoxic by most sources.
• All indium compounds should be regarded as
highly toxic. Indium compounds damage the
heart, kidney, and liver, and may be teratogenic.
• Example:
– indium trichloride anhydrous (InCl3) is quite toxic
– indium phosphide (InP) is both toxic and a suspected
carcinogen.
presented by Group 13
Environmental Effects
Indium
Overview
Atomic Structure
Crystal Structure
Physical Properties
Chemical Properties
Chemical Reactions
Isotopes & Abundance
Use of Indium
Health Effects
Environmental Effects
• Indium has no hazardous effect to the
environment although indium is very slightly
radioactive.
• It very slowly decays to tin over time.
• This radioactivity is not considered hazardous,
mainly because its decay rate is nearly 50,000
times slower than that of natural thorium, with a
half-life, 4 x 1014 years, many thousands of times
longer than the estimated age of the universe.
• Also, indium is not a notorious cumulative
poison, like its neighbor cadmium, and is
relatively rare.