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Nano-technology in a nutshell Dept of Phys M.C. Chang ENIAC circa 1947 Physical characteristics: Future prediction (Popular Mechanics, 1949): • 17,468 vacuum tubes; 1,500 relays • 1,500 vacuum tubes; 10 kilowatts • 60,000 pounds; 16,200 cubic feet • 3,000 pounds (~ size of an automobile) • 174 kilowatts (233 horsepower) • 5,000 addition/sec. (~ same as Intel 4004) • 5.25 MJoule/trajectory (~ fire an artillery shell) The invention of transistor (1947, Bardeen, Brattain, Shockley) • small size • less electricity • no movable part • faster turn-on time 1956 The invention of IC (1959, Kilby and Noyce) Intel 40044(1971) Pentium 2250 transistors 4.2 million transistors 2000 A silicon single crystal A silicon wafer Moore’s law Moore’s Second Law Cost of Fab $50B $40B 360B $20B $10B $0B 1992 1995 1998 2001 2004 2007 2010 Year 台積電晶圓六廠 台南科學園區 九百億台幣 十二吋晶圓 (why not smaller?) 0.13 微米 銅導線製程 (instead of Al) Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems (MEMS) • mems microphone (PC, cellular phone) • mems accelerometer (safety bag, Wii, PC, camera, air guitar…) • other mems sensors (pressure, heat …) • mems oscillator (replaces quartz) • optical mems (VSCEL, micro projector) • microfluid (printer…) • biomems •… Cheaper, better, smaller, response time, energy consumption … + systems-on-a-chip (SOC) = multi-functional, mass production … (lab-on-a-chip) Motion sensor DLP micro-projector MEMS mirror gene chip Micro-fluid chip Top-down approach Bottom-up approach Self-organized (or self-assembled) PbSe dots (on PbEuTe) Buckminster Fuller Buckminsterfullerene 1996 Carbon nanotube as nanowire STM (Scanning Tunneling Microscope) 1980, Binning and Rohrer 1986 Quantum corral made by 48 iron atoms (D. Eigler) Nano-machine, molecular robot … etc From sub-micron technology to nano-technology -- problems of this century Emergence of quantum effect Quantum wire Quantum dot Self-assembly device Need better grasp of the fundamental physics of materials How long can we keep enjoying the amazing progress? A powerful computer in turn helps us explore the mystery of nature (high-Tc superconductor, DNA-coding, protein folding, drug design, better airplane… etc)
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