Download Technology Guide 1

Technology Guide 1
Hardware
T1-1
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Representing Data in Computer
• Coding Schemes
– ASCII (American National Standard Code for
information Interchange)
– EBCDIC (Extended Binary Coded Decimal Interchange
Code)
• Binary Digit, or Bit
– Binary 1 or 0
• Byte
– 8 bits
• Uni-code
T1-2
– 16-bit code that has the capacity of representing more
than 65,000 characters and symbols
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Representing Pictures, Time
• Pictures
– Pixel : measure the color (or light level) of
each cell of the grid
• Time
–
–
–
–
T1-3
Millisecond = 1/1000 seconds
Microsenond = 1/1,000,000
Nanosecond = 1/1,000,000,000
Picosencond = 1/1,000,000,000,000
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Representing Size of Bytes
• Size is measured by the number of bytes
– Kilobyte = 1,000 bytes (actually 1024)
– Megabyte = 1,000 kilobytes = 106 bytes
– Gigabyte = 109 bytes
– Terabyte = 1012 bytes
– Petabyte = 1015 bytes
– Exabyte = 1018 bytes
T1-4
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Hardware Generations
T1-5
Feature
1st
2nd
3rd
Circuitry
Primary
storage
Cycle times
Average
cost
Vacuum tubes Transistors
Integrated circuits
2 KB
64 KB
4 KB
100 millisecs
10 microsecs
500 nanosecs
$2.5 million
$250 thousand $25 thousand
Feature
4th(early)
4th(1988)
Circuitry
Primary
storage
Cycle times
Average
cost
LSI and VLSI ULSL
GSI
16 MB
64 MB
128 MB
800 picosecs
2,000 picosecs 4,000 picosecs
4th(2000)
$2.5 thousand $2.0 thousand $1.5 thousand
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Other Generations
• Fifth-Generation Computer
– use Massive Parallel processing to process
multiple instructions simultaneously
• Future Generations
– DNA (Deoxycomputer acid) : coding a problem
into the alphabet and then creating conditions
under which DNA molecules are formed that
encode all possible solutions of a problem
• Optical Computer
– uses beams of light instead of electrons
T1-6
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Supercomputers
– the computers with the most processing power
– valuable for large simulation models of realworld phenomena, where complex
mathematical representations and calculations
are required, or for image creation and
processing
• Massively-Parallel Computers
T1-7
– modern problems in science and engineering,
such as structural engineering, fluid mechanics,
and other large scale physical simulations
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Mainframes
– large corporations, where data
processing is centralized and large
databases are maintained
• Minicomputers
– widespread acceptance within the
scientific community and, more recently,
within the business community
T1-8
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Microcomputers (PCs)
– Four classifications
•
•
•
•
Desktop personal computer
Laptop computers
Notebooks
Palmtop computers
– Personal Digital Assistant (PDA)
• a palmtop computer that combines a fast processor with
a multitasking operating system using a pen rather than
keyboard input for handwriting recognition
– Smart Cards
T1-9
• Contain a small CPU, memory, and an input/output
device that allow these “computers” to used in everyday
activities such as person identification and banking
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Types of Computers
• Network Computer and Terminals
– Network computer (NC)
• a desktop terminal that does not store
software programs or data
permanently
– Windows-based terminals (WBTs)
• a subset of the NC
• access Windows applications on
central servers as if those applications
were running locally
T1-10
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
The Components of
Computer Hardware
Input
Devices
Output
Devices
Central Processing Unit
Control Arithmetic-Logic
Unit
Bus Unit
Primary Storage
Bus
Communication
Devices
Bus
Secondary
Storage
T1-11
Bus
External
Network
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• The Central Process Unit (CPU)
– The center of all computerprocessing activities, where all
processing is controlled, data are
manipulated, arithmetic
computations are performed, and
logical comparisons are made.
T1-12
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Primary Storage
– integrated circuits are interconnected
layers of etched semiconductor
materials forming electrical transistor
memory units with “on-off” positions
that direct he electrical current
passing through them
T1-13
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Buses
– data is passed in electronic form via this channel
– data bus; address bus; control bus
– bus width : capacity of a bus
• Control Unit
T1-14
– reads instructions and directs the other
components of the computer system to perform
the functions required by the program
– machine cycle : series of operations required to
process a single machine instruction
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Arithmetic-Logic Unit : internal memory
– Random-Access Memory (RAM) : the place in
which the CPU stores the instructions and data it
is processing
• Dynamic random access memories(DRAMs)
• Synchronous DRAM (SDRAM)
– Read-Only Memory (ROM) : continually
retained program instructions
T1-15
• Programmable read-only memory (PROM)
• Erasable programmable read-only memory
(EPROM)
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Microprocessor
• Microprocessor Speed
– The speed of a chip depends on four
things: the clock speed, the word length,
the data bus width, and the design of the
chip
• Parallel Processing
T1-16
– A computer system with two or more
processors
– Systems with large numbers of processors
are called massively parallel processor
(MPP) systems
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Secondary Storage
•
•
•
•
Magnetic tape
• Hard disk
Magnetic disks • Zip disks
Optical storage devices
Compact disk read-only memory (CDROM) disk
– write once, read many (WORM)
– Rewritable optical disks
– Digital video disk (DVD)
T1-17
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Input Devices
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
T1-18
Keyboard
Mouse
Touch Screen
Touchpad
Light Pen
Joystick
Automated Teller Machines
Electronic Forms
Whiteboard
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Source Data Automation
T1-19
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Point of Sale Terminals
Bar Code Scanner
Optical Character Reader
Handwriting Recognizers
Voice Recognizers
Magnetic Ink Character Readers
Digitizers
Digital Cameras
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Output Devices
•
•
•
•
•
T1-20
Monitors
Impact Printers
Nonimpact Printers
Plotters
Voice Output
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Multimedia
T1-21
• A group of human-machine communication
media, some of which can be combined in
one application
• Involves the use of computers to improve
human-machine communication by using a
combination of media
• Merges the capabilities of computers with
television sets, VCRs, CD players, and
other entertainment devices
IT for Management
Prof. Efraim Turban
Copyright  2001 John Wiley & Sons, Incorporated. All
rights reserved. Reproduction or translation of this work
beyond that permitted in Section 117 of the 1976 United
States Copyright Act without the express written
permission of the copyright owner in unlawful. Request
for further information should be addressed to the
Permissions Department, John Wiley & Son, Inc.
Adopters of the textbook are granted permission to make
back-up copies for his/her own use only, to make copies
for distribution to student of the course the textbook is
used in, and to modify this material to best suit their
instructional needs. Under no circumstances can copies
be made for resale. The publisher assumes no
responsibility for errors, omissions, or damages, caused
by the use of these programs or from the use of the
information contained herein.
6-22