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Transcript 
Digital Electronics
Lecture 1: Overview
A. Prof. Dr. M. Moustafa
Dept. of Electrical Power & Machines
Cairo University
Important Notes :
• Teaching Materials:
– Text Book : Digital Logic Design: Moris Mano,
4th Edition
– TA: (Eng. Hussain Hassan, Eng. M. Alnajjar)
• Attending classes is important !!
2
Hierarchy of Computation
Problem
Algorithm
s
Programming in
High-Level Language
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Micro-architecture
Compiler/Assembler/
Linker
Binary
Target Machine
(one implementation)
System architecture
Functional units/
Building blocks
Gates Level
Design
Transistors
Manufacturing
3
Hierarchy of Computation
Problem
Algorithm
s
Programming in
High-Level Language
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Micro-architecture
Compiler/Assembler/
Linker
Binary
Target Machine
(one implementation)
System architecture
Functional units/
Building blocks
Human Level
System Level
RTL Level
Gates Level
Design
Logic Level
Circuit Level
Silicon Level
Transistors
Manufacturing
4
Hierarchy of Computation
Problem
Algorithm
s
Programming in
High-Level Language
Compiler/Assembler/
Linker
Instruction Set Architecture (ISA)
Micro-architecture
Binary
Target Machine
(one implementation)
System architecture
Functional units/
Building blocks
Human Level
System Level
RTL Level
Gates Level
Design
Our Focus in 2030
Logic Level
Circuit Level
Silicon Level
Transistors
Manufacturing
5
Zoom-in a System Component
6
Moore’s Law
0.09 μm
596 mm2
1.7 billions
Montecito
10 μm
13.5mm2
42millions
Exponential growth
2,250
Transistor count will be doubled every 18 months
 Gordon Moore, Intel co-founder
7
Integrated Circuit Complexity
Source: Intel
8
Minimum Feature Size
We are currently at 0.065µm (65nm) and moving towards 0.045µm
9
Average Transistor Price per year
Source: Dataquest
10
Processor Market Segmentation
High Performance
(e.g. IBM Power5, G5, Intel 32/64, Itanium, Pentium4, Sun T1, etc)
Embedded / low-power
(e.g. Intel Xscale, ARM, MIPS)
Special purpose
(e.g. DSP, NVidia GForce)
11
Analog Signal vs. Digital
• So, why Digital?
12
Binary Signals
• So, why Binary?
13
Voltage Range of Binary Signals
5.0 Volts
HIGH (1)
HIGH (1)
4.0 Volts
3.0 Volts
2.0 Volts
1.0 Volts
LOW (0)
LOW (0)
0.0 Volts
INPUT
OUTPUT
14
BACKUP
A Generic Intel-based PC System
Your CPU here
16
Dual-Core Itanium 2 (Montecito)
17
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