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Module 4B7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD David Holburn [email protected] David Moore [email protected] Engineering Tripos Part IIB You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh 4B7 VLSI Design, Technology & CAD 12 lectures in LR6: Friday at 12, Tuesday at 10 Printed handouts (approximately one per lecture) Two examples sheets: gaps to be filled in places where you need to add your own notes MOS circuits Microelectronics technology Various other notes and leaflets Exam - start of Easter term Coursework - later this term Material on the WWW Coursework Electrical characterisation of CMOS ring oscillator circuit Takes place in EIETL/Part I Lab, Weeks 7-8 Coursework SEM examination of CMOS ring oscillator circuit Takes place in Electrical Research Lab, Weeks 7-8 Course Activities Visits to IC manufacturers EEV (Chelmsford) – Charge-coupled imaging devices Fujitsu (Durham)- Memory/Microprocessor manufacture Case Study – Voltage Reference Mixed-signal VLSI design Commodity CMOS process Digital/analogue compatibility Design offers: Good regulation Good thermal stability Small footprint Case Study - Flash Memory Case study illustrating advanced VLSI design & manufacture Intel® StrataFlash™ offers: non-volatility, reliability, and smaller form factor. MultiLevel Cell (MLC) technology stores multiple bits of data on a single memory transistor. Allows increased densities and decreased cost-per-megabyte Uses 0.18 m technology Guest Lecture James Collier from Cambridge Silicon Radio is expected to give a talk an the evolution of their world-beating Bluetooth CMOS chip set … details later ... Evolution of the Microprocessor Paper D7: VLSI Design, Technology & CAD Engineering Tripos Part IIB/EIST Part II You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh The First Transistor New York Times “A device called a transistor, which has several applications in radio where a vacuum tube ordinarily is employed, was demonstrated for the first time yesterday at Bell Telephone Laboratories, 463 West Street, where it was invented.” 23rd December 1947 http://www.lucent.com/ideas2/ideas.html http://www.bell-labs.com The First Integrated Circuit 1958, Jack Kilby, a young electrical engineer at Texas Instruments, figured out how to put all the circuit elements - transistors, resistors, and capacitors, along with their interconnecting wiring - into a single piece of germanium. His rough prototype was a thin piece of germanium about one-half inch long containing five separate components linked together by tiny wires. The Microprocessor 4004: Intel’s first microprocessor The 4-bit 4004 ran at 108 kHz & contained 2300 transistors. The speed of this 1971 device was estimated at 0.06 MIPS (million instructions/s). By comparison, in 2000 Intel's Pentium ran at 133 MHz, contained 5.5 million transistors, & could execute 300 MIPS. Complexity & speed have risen steadily since then! Intel 8086/8088 and IBM PC 1978: 8086/8088 Microprocessor A pivotal sale to IBM’s new personal computer division made the 8088 the brains of IBM’s new ‘hit product’ -- the IBM PC. This was followed in 1982 by the 80286, on which was based the IBM PC/AT (Advanced Technology) computer. Intel 80386 and 80486 The Intel ‘386 (1985) contained 275,000 transistors. It was Intel’s first ‘32-bit’ chip, and was capable of ‘multi-tasking’. The ‘486 (1989, shown) was significantly more powerful, and was the first to offer a built-in math. co-processor, greatly speeding up transcendental functions. Intel Pentium The Pentium was first introduced in 1993 - it was designed to allow computers to handle “real-world” data such as speech, sound and images. The latest Pentium II (1997) contained 7.5 million transistors, and is packaged in a unique format. Scaling - Intel Pentium Origin design used MOSFETs with L=0.8 m Speed limited to fclk= 66 MHz Scaling the Intel Pentium processor Minimum dimension (m) 0.8 0.6 Area of chip (mm2) 284 163 Maximum clock speed (MHz) 66 100 Supply voltage (V) 5 Relative sizes 3.3 Shrink minimum dimension to 0.6 m Raise clock to 100 MHz - 50% more throughput Lower power consumption Latest P4 uses L=0.09 m fclk=3800MHz (internal)! Moore’s Law The Intel view of Gordon Moore’s observation. The billion-transistor chip is imminent! http://www.intel.com/research/silicon/mooreslaw.htm Moore’s Law Complexity 10 9 Pentium®Pro Pentium® $5000 10 8 10 7 10 6 10 80286 $2000 5 cost 8080 10 4 10 80486 complexity $500 3 10 2 $200 10 1 1960 1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 Cost in $M 1. Chip complexity doubles every process generation 2. Factory cost doubles every factory generation Silicon Technology Silicon Process 1.5µ Technology Intel386™ DX Processor Intel486™ DX Processor Pentium® Processor Pentium® II Processor 1.0µ 0.8µ 0.6µ 0.4µ 0.25µ Wafers - 4" to 300 mm Web resource http://www2.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh/4b7 VLSI Design David Holburn [email protected] Microcircuit Engineering & Semiconductor Physics You can find a pointer to an HTML version of this presentation at: http://www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~dmh Spice Simulator Spice Simulator
