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Environmental Science 环境学(双语) Nanjing Agricultural University Prof. Ge Ying My background Came back from Canada and joined Nanjing Agricultural University in 2005. “Congratulations! This will be an interesting challenge for you.” 2 My background (留学) M.Sc. and Ph.D. from McGill Univ., Montreal, Canada 3 Macdonald学院一角 Contact information Office: 综合楼 B-229 Tel: 84396406 Email: [email protected] [email protected] 5 Objectives of this course To understand basic principles and concepts (基本原理和概念) in environmental science To learn about the origin and development of environmental problems (环境问题的产生 和发展) and behavior of environmental pollutants (污染物的行为) To familiarize the technologies for pollution control (污染控制技术) To practice English and participate in the class, and… 6 Participation in environmental protection 10 11 Text book & reference book 教材:鞠美庭主编,环境学基础 化学 工业出版社,2004. 参考书:William P. Cunningham and Mary Ann Cunningham, Principles of Environmental Science. The McGraw-Hill Companies, 2002. 马占青等编著,环境科学专业英语教 程,清华大学出版社,2005. 12 Content of this Course Introduction (绪论;3学时/Prof. Ge) Population and environment (人口与环境; 3学时/Prof. Ge) Energy and environment (能源与环境;6 学时/Prof. Ge) Air pollution (大气污染;9学时/Prof. Ge) Sustainable development (可持续发展;3 学时/Prof. Ge) 13 Content of this Course Water pollution (水污染;9学时/Prof. Zong) Soil pollution (土壤污染;12学时/Prof. Zong) Noise and solid waste pollution (噪声污 染和固体废弃物;6学时/专题交流) 14 WWW WHAT (是什么) concepts of environmental science WHY (为什么) principles of environmental issues HOW (怎样做) approaches and practices 考核方式与要求 闭卷考试 65% 专题交流 15% PowerPoint 平时成绩 20% Environmental Science 幸运 100' 在下列描述中说出这是哪一门科学? 诞生于60年代 一门新兴科学 介于自然科学、社会科学和技术科学之间 研究人类—环境系统 环境科学 18 Environmental Science 夺标 1000' 19 根据提示联想:(专业术语之一) Human Resources 1987 “Our Common Future” Sustainable development 20 Environment Key concept “影响人类生存和发展的各种天然的和经过人工改造的自 然因素的总体” 《中华人民共和国环境保护法》 “以人类为主体的外部世界的总体,可分为自然环境和人 工环境” 教材第1章、第5页 English version: page 5 of the textbook page 1 of the reference book 21 Key concept Environmental Science 研究人类活动和环境质量关系的科学 Environmental science connects with different subjects. with agriculture, chemistry, biology and earth science: earth’s resources with philosophy, social science, politics and law: human motivations and group behaviors with economics, engineering, physics and computer science: mathematical models 22 蓝藻: 水华 Blue algal bloom 24 水体富营养化 Eutrophication 25 水草疯长 26 27 28 Environmental elements (环境要素) Key concept 构成人类环境整体的各个独立 的、性质不同而又服从整体演 化规律的基本物质组分,分为 自然和人工环境要素 29 Environmental elements (自然环境要素) Key concept 生物圈 岩石圈 大气圈 水圈 30 Environmental elements Air pollution (大气污染) 大气圈 31 Environmental elements Water pollution (水污染) 水圈 32 Environmental elements Soil pollution (土壤污染) 岩石圈(包括土壤圈) 33 Key concept Environmental problems 全球环境或区域环境中出现的不利 于人类生存和发展的各种现象。 34 • • • • • • • Air Pollution Global climate change Stratospheric ozone depletion Urban air pollution Acid deposition Outdoor pollutants Indoor pollutants Noise Biodiversity Depletion • Habitat destruction • Habitat degradation • Extinction Major Environmental Problems • • • • • • • Water Pollution Nutrient overload Toxic chemicals Infectious agents Oxygen depletion Pesticides Oil spills Excess heat Waste Production • Solid waste • Hazardous waste Food Supply Problems • Overgrazing • Farmland loss and degradation • Wetlands loss and degradation • Overfishing • Coastal pollution • Soil erosion • Soil salinization • Soil waterlogging • Water shortages • Groundwater depletion • Loss of biodiversity • Poor nutrition Major causes for environmental problems • Rapid population growth • Over-consumption (过度消费) of resources • Destruction of forests, wetlands (湿地) • Toxic waste mismanagement (管理不善) • Poverty (贫困) 37 How are the problems connected? A starting point: a three-factor model The environmental impact (I) depends on 3 key factors: Number of people (P) Average resource use per person (A) Beneficial and harmful environmental effects of the technologies (T) 38 Developing Countries The three-factor model X X = Population (P) Population (P) × X Consumption Technological per person × impact per unit of Consumption Technological impact per (affluence, consumption (T) per person A)X unit of consumption (T) = (affluence, A) affluence: 富裕 X Developed Countries consumption: 消费 X = = Environmental Environmental impact (I) impact of population (I) Developing Countries X Population (P) X X Developed Countries X Consumption per person (affluence, A) = Technological impact per unit of consumption (T) X X = = Environmental impact (I) Developing Countries X Population (P) X X Developed Countries X Consumption per person (affluence, A) = Technological impact per unit of consumption (T) X X = = Environmental impact (I) The 3-factor model can: Help us understand how key environmental problems are connected Guide us in seeking solutions to these problems. 42 Pollution Key concept Any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens the health, survival, or activities of humans or other living organisms. G.T. Miller, Jr. Living in the environment. 13rd edition, Brooks/Cole, 2004 中文解释:教材第1章、第10页 43 Pollution Types of pollutant sources Point sources (点源污染): where pollutants come from single, identifiable sources. Examples? Nonpoint sources (面源污染): where pollutants come from dispersed (分散的) sources. Examples? 44 NONPOINT SOURCES Rural homes Cropland Urban streets Animal feedlot Suburban development POINT SOURCES Wastewater treatment plant Factory Harm caused by pollution Disruption of life-support systems (environment) for humans and other species Damage to wildlife, human health, and property Nuisances (令人厌恶的事物) such as noise and unpleasant smells, tastes, and sights 46 Questions How do we know if there is a pollution problem? If so, how serious is the problem? 47 What happened to the frog? Deformed frogs: extra legs 48 Use plants to detect pollution 49 松花江水体污染(案例1) 50 环境标准 Environmental standards 我国《地表水环境质量标准 》(GB 3838-2002)中,生 活饮用水硝基苯限值为 0.017mg/L 51 环境监测 Environmental monitoring 对污染带流经河段每50公里设置一 个移动跟踪监测断面,监测断面覆 盖了整个污染带。 52 环境监测 Environmental monitoring 运用气相色谱仪等设备,检测水中硝基 苯和苯的含量。 53 Environmental Research: an undergraduate course for 2nd year student in School of Environment, McGill University. 54 环境评价 Environmental assessment Example: a super-hospital project in Canada (案例2) Background of this project An urban site (城区土地) was chosen for building a new large hospital in Montreal. The soil contained heavy metals (重金属) due to the industrial activities. 55 Question: Is it wise and safe to have a hospital at this location? 56 What we have done? Sampled at various points in this site (土 壤取样) Analyzed metal content in each soil sample (重金属含量测定) Assessed the bioavailability of heavy metals (重金属生物有效性分析) Evaluate the soil quality of site (土壤质量 评价) 57 Publication 58 Impact of this study (影响) The super-hospital project was approved based on the work made by us and other research teams. Save money (choosing a safe site); save lives (building a hospital) 59 Solutions to pollution Pollution prevention or input pollution control --- Prevent it from reaching the environment Five Rs to prevent or reduce pollution: refuse, replace, reduce, reuse and recycle 60 Solutions to pollution Pollution cleanup or output pollution control There are several problems with relying primarily on pollution cleanup: Effects are only a temporary Move pollutants from one place to other High cost to reduce pollution 61 Glossary (词汇表) Environment (环境) Environmental science (环境科学) Environmental elements (环境要素) Environmental problems (环境问题) Environmental pollution (环境污染) Environmental monitoring (环境监测) Environmental assessment (环境评价) Environmental standards (环境标准) 62 Summary and Review 环境、环境要素、环境问题的概念 产生环境问题的原因 环境污染概念、类型及事例 环境污染的判断方法 认真学习环境学基础知识和技能 63 Learning goal Understand how our world works Understand what are we doing to it Understand what can we do to protect and improve it 64 65