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Mr. Pawlowski World History 2010 - 2011 Arabian Peninsula Arabian Peninsula Bodies of Water: Red Sea Gulf of Aqaba Persian Gulf Arabian Sea Geography: Arabian Desert: natural resources groundwater Mountains: Mount Al-Nabi Shu'ayb (SW) Mount Al-Lawz (NW) Mount Al-Sham (SE) Arabian Subcontinent Nomadic Arabs Bedouins organized into clans/tribes leader – sheikh ‘camel-breeders’ Semitic Speakers Sedentary tribes organized villages around oases focus: trade & animal herding Religion: Polytheistic Tribes (Shirk) Supreme God – Allah Symbolized by a sacred stone Ka’aba – houses the sacred ‘black stone’ location – Makkah (Mecca) Monotheistic Tribes (Hanif) follow the laws of Abraham pre- Judaism & Christianity Jewish Tribes Christian Tribes Trade Arabian Peninsula: crossroads of trade Africa, Asia, Arabia, Europe Major Cities: Makkah (Mecca) Merchants & pilgrims Yathrib (Medina) Ta’if Camel Domestication: enabled traffic to cross the deserts ‘caravans’ Caravan traffic increased wealth of merchants life of poor decreased Muhammad (570 – 632 CE) Birth: Orphaned as a child raised by merchant Uncle & Grandfather Location: Mecca Marriage (25 years old): Khadijah - wealthy businesswoman Revelation (40 years old): meditates in the Jabal al-Nur mountain troubled by the richness/corruption of merchants & townspeople Archangel Gabriel reveals the word of God to Muhammad last revelation: Abraham, Moses, Jesus Religion: teaches/preaches that there is only God and other gods must be abandoned Khadijah and close relatives/friends are the first followers Islam: ‘submission to will of God (Allah)’ Muslim: ‘one who has submitted’ Muhammad (570 – 632 CE) Hijrah – 622 CE: Migration from Mecca to Yathrib Muslims were met with hostility in Mecca Yathrib: renamed Medina ‘city of the Prophet’ Political Leader: established a federation of Arabs, Jews and Muslims Religious Leader: continues to draw in converts Bedouin Tribes umma – Muslim community Military Leader: successful raids on caravans from Mecca Battle of Badr 630 CE: Conquers Mecca destroys idols within the Ka’aba 632 CE: Death of Prophet Muhammad - 62 years old Islamic Beliefs & Practices Five Pillars Faith (Shahada): There is no God but Allah Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah Prayer (Salaat): Five times daily facing Mecca Dawn, Noon, Mid-Afternoon, Sunset & Evening Alms (Zakat): Responsibility to support the less fortunate 2.5% of income or good deed/behavior toward others Fasting (Sawm): Sunrise to sunset during the holy month of Ramadan celebrates the recording of the Qur’an Pilgrimage (Hajj): Journey to Mecca during the holy month of Dhu al-Hijjah Once per lifetime if physically and financially capable Hajj Islamic Beliefs & Practices Hadith: Monotheistic: Allah Holy Text: Qur’an Ka’aba: most sacred site in Islam Mosque: house of worship ‘place for prostration’ Minaret: Spires with onion shaped or conical crowns focal point & call for prayer Muezzin: leads the call to prayer accounts of statements/actions of Muhammad different versions for each branch Shari’a: Sacred law of Islam divine revelations of the Qur’an Muhammad’s example Sunnah: sayings/living habit of Muhammad Ulama: Muslim legal scholars Judaism & Christianity Muslims trace their origins to Abraham accept Moses and Jesus as prophets Muhammad is the final prophet ‘People of the Book’ Religious tolerance towards Christians & Jews Shari’a Law Islam – Holy Cities Mecca Medina Spread of Islam Spread of Islam Islam spread rapidly via trade & conquest overcame geographic obstacles deserts & mountains Byzantine & Persian Empires could not contain the spread prisoners of war were enslaved Arabic spread with Islam and facilitated trade Unity was difficult to maintain after the death of Muhammad Muslim community elect a caliph as leader caliph - successor Umayyad Empire Sunni – Shi’a Split Revolt of Hussein – 680 CE: Grandson of Muhammad revolts against the Umayyad Dynasty attempted to reinstate the ‘true’ Islamic authority Shi’a: believe the Caliph must be a direct descendent of Muhammad through his son-in-law Ali and grandson Sunni: do not believe the Caliph must be a descendent of Muhammad Sufi: attempt to achieve personal contact with God focus on the Qur’an, traditions of Muhammad, meditation, chanting Trade Islamic traders spread ideas/products & knowledge Africa, Asia, Middle East & Europe Exchange of Goods: Sub Saharan Africa: Gold and Slaves China: Silk and Porcelain E. Africa: Gold and Ivory SE Asia and India: Sandalwood and Spices Egypt: Grain Iraq: Linen, Dates, and Precious Stones W. India: Textiles Islam spreads to Africa Ghana – 830 – 1235 CE Mali – 1240 – 1600 CE Songhai – 1340 – 1591 CE ‘Sahelian Kingdoms’ Cities: Economy trade led wealthy centers of culture public baths, public buildings, fountains, courtyards, libraries, museums, etc. ex: Cordoba, Marrakesh, Baghdad, Cairo Bazaar: covered marketplace for the exchange/sale of goods & services high standards of business and sanitation Agriculture: trade introduced new techniques and crops (‘Arab Agricultural Revolution’) peasant & slave labor Development of banking facilitates trade Influences European banking systems during the Renaissance Abbasid dinar & sakks Four Social Classes: Society Muslims at birth Muslim converts ‘protected people’ Christians, Jews & Zoroastrians slaves non-Muslims prisoners of war military/domestic service Role of Women: Men managed the affairs of women male guardians, pre-arranged marriage Men could have up to four wives if he could afford the dowry Women's rights: could earn a living, own/inherit property, divorce Qur’an grants women spiritual equality Hijab Hijab Chador Burqa Covering varies from country to country Mathematics & Astronomy Mathematics Muhammad al-Khwarizmi (780 – 850 CE): The Compendious Book on Calculation by Completion and Balancing: foundation text of modern algebra ‘al-jabr’ Arabic Numerals: adopted the numerical system and concept of zero from Indian mathematicians spread by Arabs to Europe Astronomy Interest: mark religious periods: Ramadan Hajj prayer towards Mecca Observations: estimated size and distance of celestial bodies improved tables of the orbits of the sun and moon improved the astrolabe revolutionized ideas of optics aided the development of trigonometry and cartography