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Turkey
and
Istanbul
Demography and geography
There are, in 2013, in Turkey, 80
694 485 inhabitants including 7 million for
the European part, so there are 94
inhabitants per square kilometre for an
area of 780 580 square kilometre. One part
of this country is in Asia and the other
part is in Europe which is separated by the
Bosphorus Strait which connects the black
sea and the Marmara Sea. Moreover, The
Turkey is a mountainous country. It is a
strategic commercial area because the
Turkey is located in the crossroads
between Asia and Europe.
Tourism in Turkey
Today, the Turkey is an destination more and more prized, indeed it was the
sixth global tourist destination in 2011.
Tourism at Istanbul
Istanbul is the seventh touristic destination in the world with over 9,4 millions of
visitors in 2011. Istanbul welcomed a large part of tourists who come in Turkey, in
2010. The city was also designated Cultural capital of Europe in 2010.
Celebrations
October 29th takes place the celebration of the Republic which commemorates the proclamation of the
Turkish Republic in 1923.
April 23rd, this is the day of the national sovereignty and the childhood. It reminds the first meeting, in
1920, of the Grand National Assembly to Ankara, to prepare the War of independence. The children «
take power », they parade and they are invited to occupy the place of personalities for one day.
November 9th is the
August 30, takes place the
death birthday of
victory party which
Atatürk in 1938. This
commemorates
the
day, all traffic stops at
victory of the Turkish
9:05 am, the time of his
forces about the Greek
death.
The May 29th, at Istanbul,
armies in 1922. The
the Turkish celebrates the
Military parades are
conquest of the city in 1453
organized across the
by the Ottoman armies.
country.
The municipality organizes
The march 21st marks the beginning of the year for the Turkish
a reenactment of event.
calendar, it corresponds to the start of spring.
Monuments
The Hagia Sophia was built by the byzantine emperor Justinian I in 537.
The blue mosque was built by the architect Sedefkar Mahmet Aga
between 1609 and 1616.
The Topkapı Palace was built in 1461 during the reign of Mehmed II.
The Dolmabahçe Palace was built between 1853 and 1856 during the
reign of the sultan Abdülmecid by the architects of the Balian’s family.
Importance of Istanbul in Turkey and in Europe
Istanbul is the cultural capital of Europe, it conserve many historical monuments which
reflects the rich history of the country. Istanbul is the most wealthy and commercial
city of the country.
Policy
Turkey is a republic since 1923. It has a parliamentary regime. The last regime was
overthrown by the army, during the coup d’état of 1980 which wiped out the
democracy. The parliamentary system was re-established in 1983.
Belief in Turkey
The main beliefs in Turkey are Islam and Christianity.
 Islam: Islam is a new religion was born in the seventh century AD, which means
submission to a single God.
The Islam appeared in Arabia (boundary between Asia and Africa) with Muhammad. This
religion is based on the person of Muhammad.
Their main text is the Koran.
 Christianity: religion based on the teaching of the life and the person of Jesus Christ. The
Christianity developed during the first century.
There are three main groups in Christianity: Catholic, Orthodox and Protestant.
Their main text is the Bible.
Celebrities
-In the cinema, there is Nuri Bilge Ceylan, who is a director, actor and
screenwriter, born in Istanbul in 1959. He is known for such films as Kasaba,
Climates, Three Monkeys...
- In music, there is Tarkan, a Turkish singer. He born in 1972. It is one of the
most famous singers in Turkey. His albums sold millions of copies. He is
best known for his title Simarik (song kiss)
The Music in Turkey
The Turkish music is a reflection of its ethnic composition, its geography and its
history. If Turkish music refer primarily to music made in Turkey by the Turks, its is not
limited to this definition because there is a Turkish diaspora, Turkish music was played a
long time in countries other than Turkey since the Ottoman Empire.
Turkish traditions
- The Blue Eye "Nazar boncuk" (key chains, jewelry, decorations), is a
Turkish tradition used to ward off evil spells, evil, and protect persons and
property.
-Little princes or future circumcised. This is a Turkish tradition of dressing
her little boy in white like a prince, with a cape, a hat to go out in the street
with his family. He will pray, be photographed and pampering before her
operation to be circumcised. In the Turkish tradition, it is a passage to
adulthood. He is accompanied by his "godfather of circumcision" and a feast
is held in his honor. This helps make the process less difficult, less traumatic,
and more fun for the child .
-The lohusa serbeti drink delivery is for to all people who come to see the
young mother and her baby at birth. It is composed of cloves, cinnamon, red
dye sugar, sugar and water.
Gastronomy
The Turkish gastronomy is one of the most varied in the world. It is considered the
third richest after that of France and that of China . The reciprocal influence between Turkey
and its neighbouring countries (Greece, Middle-East, Balkans, Iran, Armenia...) allow to find
many common dishes in the cuisines such as dolmas, the boreks and mantis ( Turkish ravioli).
Art in Turkey
Turkey has experienced the transition between the artistic traditions of Islam dating
from the Ottoman Empire and a secular trend, West. The Modern Turkish painters are looking
for their own free art forms of Western influence. Sculpture is less developed, and public
monuments are usually heroic representations of Atatürk and events of the war of independence.
Literature is considered the most advanced art of contemporary Turkey. Many critics consider
Kemal Tahir as the greatest current Turkish novelist.
The education system
After the founding of the Turkish Republic, the country has sought to create a national
education system, so that the Turks are a nation of individuals united in a common
national spirit, contributing to the prosperity of the country. The law of the unification of
education in 1924 was followed by the opening of primary schools, secondary schools and
various other institutions. Education is controlled by the state. The Ministry is responsible
of teachers and administrators and organizes educational institutions for children who
need special attention or have insufficient means. Since 1928, the latin alphabet is used. The
official language of instruction is Turkish.
Under the Constitution, everyone has the right to "receive an education that is oriented
towards the various schools and colleges according to his knowledge, depending on their
tastes and abilities."
Education is compulsory from 6 to 14 years. It is free in public schools. Some subjects are
compulsory in the curricula of primary and secondary.
History of Turkey
The history of Turkey through its main dates:
- -1250 : The Greeks seize Troy, the city of the
Hittites .
- -669-678 : modern Turkey was conquered by
the armies of Muhammad. This is the beginning
of the reign of Muslim dynasties in the country.
-1453 Mehmet II took Constantinople. This is
the beginning of the reign of the Ottomans. The
eponymous Empire is born and spread his
domination for centuries. During the reign of
Suleiman the Magnificent, the Empire will cover
the Middle East, North Africa , and stop at the
gates of Vienna.
-1914-1918 : The Empire entered in war alongside
the Germans . The defeat marks the
dismemberment of the Empire.
-1923 Mustafa Kemal proclaimed the Turkish
Republic. The reign of the Ottomans ends
well .
-1980: a political crisis between the pro -Soviet
and the pro -Islamic right paralyzes
institutions. The army took power and
established a military dictatorship for three
years, until the organization of free elections ,
won by the center-right led by Turgut Ozal .
-1998:The Islamic Party of Necmettin Erbakan
was banned by the Constitutional Court.
-2000 : Ahmet Necdet Sezer was elected
President of the Republic. He wants to
democratize the regime.
History of Istanbul
Byzantium was founded by Byzas in 658 before J.C. In 324, it was renamed
Constantinople when the constantine emperor rebuilt it. It remained the capital of the
Roman Empire of occident which it later became the Byzantine Empire after the fall of
the Roman Empire of the West. In 1453, the turks took the city which is renamed
Istanbul in 1930.
The end