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Chapter 13
The Spread of Chinese
Civilization:
Japan, Korea, and Vietnam
Japan’s Imperial Age
Indigenous cultural ideas (Shinto)
Taika, Nara, Heian periods-peak of borrowing
from Chinese
Taika Reforms:
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Modify administration to Chinese way
Scholars attempt to master Chinese writing
Dynastic histories
Court etiquette
Confucian ways, Buddhist art (Chinese flavor)
Peasants turn to Buddhism (combine w/ Shinto)
Cont.
Aristocracy challenges Chinese influence
Peasants change Chinese Buddhism into
Japanese religion
Taika reforms ultimately fail
Power shifts from emperor -> aristocrats>local lords
Crisis at Nara/shift to Heian
Resistance centered in aristocracy and
Buddhist monasteries
“Rowdy Monks”
New capital at Heian (Kyoto)
Buddhists forbidden there but re-establish
power as royal advisors
Aristocrats take over gov’t
Local leaders organize military (feudalism?)
Court Life
Strict codes of behavior
Elaborate etiquette/rituals
Social status, love affairs, gossip (soap
opera)
Simplified script to write poetry
Tale of Genji – Lady Murasaki (1st novel)
Women-behind the scenes power
Decline of imperial power/rise of
warrior elite
Aristocratic families run everything
Fujiwara
Power of local lords grows
Bushi + samurai
Emergence of warrior class
Japanese feudalism
Peasants reduced to serfs
Artisans – poor and low status
Era of warrior dominance
Feuding between powerful families
Minamoto establish bakufu
Locate capital at Kamakura
Emperor – no real power
******In Depth******
Comparison of feudalism (Europe/Japan)
Chinese influence declines
Stop embassies/diplomats to China
Paranoid leaders weaken the regime
**Hojo family-real power ->in charge of
Minamoto shoguns ->who ruled in the
name of the emperor
Ashikaga Shogunate
Civil war!!!
300 daimyos
Troubled times
Change in type of warfare
Fortresses/castles
Peasant forces cause problems
Economic and cultural growth
– Village life improves
– New commercial class develops
– Women in merchant/artisan families
– Women of warrior families 
– All women lose some status
Art
Zen Buddhism
Zen monasteries-points of contact w/China
Ink sketches (nature scenes)
Architecture
Gardens
Tea ceremony
Cultural growth lays foundation for
unification of Japan
Korea
Descended from hunter/herder people of
Siberia/Manchuria
Partial colonization by China
Resist Chinese rule
Three kingdoms (Koguryo, Silla, Paekche)
Sinification (Buddhism is link)
– Chinese writing
– Universities
– Chinese-style bureaucracy (failed)
Tang alliances
Internal warfare weakens Korea
Tang takes them over, leave Silla as
independent rulers in exchange for tribute
and monarch is vassal of emperor
Silla = “miniature Tang”
Favored Buddhism over Confucianism
Borrowed then improved
Social
Aristocracy dominated everything
Artisans – poor, low status
Merchants – not even a distinct class
Common people would rebel
Contributes to fall of dynasties
Yi dynasty (1392 – 1910)
Vietnam
Very independent-minded (stubborn, too)
Viets control Red River valley, blend w/ others,
form distinct ethnic group
Many characteristics of SE Asia
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Language not related to Chinese
Village autonomy
Nuclear family
Women – more freedom and influence
Culture/customs also different
More attached to Buddhism
Distinct art and literature
Conquest
Han conquers and tries to assimilate
Viets pick/choose what they want
– Education + exam system
– Farming techniques
– Political and military organization
– Elites are most “Sinified”
Resistance
Revolts
– Literature expresses hostile attitudes
– Trung sisters
– Aided by distance/mountain barriers
– Only small numbers of Chinese lived there
– Viets take advantage of chaos in China
– Independent until French in 19th century
Continuing Chinese impact
Chinese-style palaces
Bureaucracy w/exam system
Vietnamese officials identified w/
peasants, looked out for local interests
Buddhism stronger
Drive to the South
Will conquer Chams and Khmers
Differences develop between N/S
Continuous attempts to unite
Internal problems cause them to ignore
external threats (French)