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Transcript 
LECTURE 7. DOMAIN Archaea
1. Diversity and Phylogeny of Archaea
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
5. Other phyla: Nanoarchaeota, Korarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
1. DIVERSITY AND PHYLOGENY OF Archaea
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Family
Halobacteriaceae
Extreme halophiles
(>15% NaCl)
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Thalassohaline
Great Salt Lake (USA)
Solar salterns
Athalassohaline
Dead Sea (Jordan-Israel)
Lake Wadi Natrum (Egypt) Soda lake
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Cyanobacteria
Dunaliella
Archaea – Bacteria
Fungi (black yeasts)
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Osmoadaptation
HALORHODOPSIN
(light driven chloride pump)
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
BACTERIORHODOPSIN
(light driven proton pump)
Retinal based photosynthesis
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Solar salterns
Bras del Port (Santa Pola, Alicante, Spain – 38º12’N, 0º36’W)
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.1. EXTREMELY HALOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Solar salterns
No bacterivory
25%
Marine
microbiota
Halophilic
mcrobiota
Salinity gradient
Prokat¡ryotic diversity
Virus and cell numbers
“Haloviruses”
Haloquadratum walsbyi (Euryarchaeota)
Up to 1010 VLP/ml
Salinibacter ruber (Bacteroidetes)
Images property of Fernando Santos
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
*
*
*
*
*
**
**
*
* Themophiles or hyperthermophiles
** Halophiles
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
METHANOGENESIS
Three types of substrates:
- CO2-type (plus H2)
- Methylated
- Acetate
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
SINTROPHY
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.2. METHANOGENIC ARCHAEA
Anoxic oxidation of methane
In methane hydrates
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.3. (HYPER)THERMOPHILIC ARCHAEA
Thermoplasmatales:
Thermoplasma
Ferroplasma
THERMOPHILIC
ACIDOPHILIC
NO CELL WALLS
Archaeoglobales:
Archaeoglobus
SULFATE REDUCER
HYPERTHERMOPHILIC
Thermococcales:
Pyrococcus
SULFUR REDUCERS
HYPERTHERMOPHILIC
Methanopyrus
(see tree)
122oC
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
2. Phylum Euryarchaeota
2.4. MARINE Euryarchaeota
Marine Euryarchaeota II (+ abundant) and III (aphotic area): planktonic
Marine Euryarchaeota IV: planktonic (deep waters)
BOTH UNCULTURED
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
3. Phylum Crenarchaeota
3.1. Crenarchaeota FROM TERRESTRIAL VOLCANIC HABITATS (SOLFATARAS)
Sulfolobus
Thermoproteus, Thermophilus
3.2. Crenarchaeota FROM SUBMARINE VOLCANIC HABITATS (HYDROTHERMAL VENTS)
Pyrodictium
Pyrolobus
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
Marine Crenarchaeota
“Marine group I”
Phylum Thaumarchaeota
Although first described in the oceans, Archaea closely related to marine Thaumarchaeota
and Euryarchaeota have been found in different environments
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.1. MARINE Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.2. SOIL Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
4. Phylum Thaumarchaeota
4.3. SYMBIOTIC Thaumarchaeota
Cenarchaeum symbiosum
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
5. OTHER PHYLA
5.1. Phylum Korarchaeota
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
5. OTHER PHYLA
5.2. Phylum Nanoarchaeota
Igniococcus
Nanoarchaeum
L. 7: Archaea Domain. 2nd Biology ARA 2013-2014
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