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Water Cycle Fresh Water Notes: Chapter 12 Water Cycle is a continuous moving of water from Earth’s surface to the atmosphere and back. There are 3 Major Parts o Evaporation: liquid water changes to a gas water vapor o Condensation: water vapor cools and “clumps” around dust particles forms a cloud o Precipitation: Water vapor condenses and droplets get heavier Examples Rain Snow Sleet Hail Returns to earth and… Soaks into the soil groundwater Runs off the land back to the ocean Run Off Distribution of Earth’s Water 97% salt water Location of Salt Water o Oceans Pacific Largest Deepest Atlantic 2nd largest Indian Smallest liquid ocean Deeper than Atlantic Arctic Smallest mostly frozen 3% fresh water o about ¾ of fresh water is frozen o about ¼ of fresh water is underground o A tiny portion is in lakes and rivers o A tiny portion is in water vapor in atmosphere Location of Fresh water o Ice Locked in sheets at the poles o Rivers and Lakes Important source of fresh water for communities Very small amount of the worlds water o Groundwater More water is stored underground than in all of Earth’s rivers and lakes. Surface Water Fresh water is found here River Systems Rivers start in the mountains as run off from melting snow Parts of a River System o Tributaries: streams & smaller rivers that feed into main river o Water Shed: land & area that supplies water to a river system We live in the Mississippi River water shed o Divide: Land ridge that separates one water shed from another The continental divide is the longest divide in North America Ponds Characteristics of Ponds o Contain standing water (not moving) o Shallow Sunlight reaches the bottom Ponds form in different ways o Rainfall o Melting snow and ice o Run off o Rivers o Ground water Ponds are habitats for many animals o Habitat: the place an organism lives and gets what it needs to survive Lakes Characteristics of a lake o Deeper and bigger than ponds o Sunlight does not reach the bottom No plants live on the bottom o Bottom is sand, pebble or rock Formed in several ways o Ice sheets melting (Glaciers) Ex. Great Lakes o Movement of Earth’s crust Ex. Lake Victoria in Africa o Volcanoes From lava flow Empty volcano craters o Reservoir- a lake that stores water for human use Wetlands A land area that is covered with water during part or all the air. Three common types o Marshes- grassy areas covered by shallow water or a stream o Swamp- look like flooded forests o Bogs- in cool areas Everglades: Marshes in Florida Importance of wetlands o Habitats to many species o Natural water filters o Flood controls Water Underground How water moves underground Trickles down between particles of soil and through cracks and spaces in layers of rock Different types of rock and soil effects how water moves o Large pore size water moves easily downward Permeable: water can pass through o Small pores- or no connected pores Impermeable: water cannot pass through Water Zones o Saturated Zone Totally filled water table: top of the saturated zone o Unsaturated Zone Pores have some moisture but also some air Not Filled Bringing up Groundwater Springs: groundwater bubbles or flows out cracks in the rocks o Can be hot or cold Aquifers: any underground layer of rock or sediment that holds H2O Wells o Location: below the water table can be effected by drought (no rain) o Pumps Mechanical Overuse Pump can become dry Artesian Well: water rises because of the pressure within the aquifer o No pump necessary o Water spurts out Geyser: fountain of boiling water and white steam bursts into air o Periodically erupts (on a regular schedule) Heated by magma Ex. Old Faithful