Download Standardized Test Prep Chapter 10

Chapter 10
Plate Tectonics
Table of Contents
Section 1 Continental Drift
Section 2 The Theory of Plate Tectonics
Section 3 The Changing Continents
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
Wegener’s Hypothesis
• Continental drift the hypothesis that states
that the continents once formed a single
landmass, broke up, and drifted to their
present location
– Proposed by Alfred Wegener in 1912.
– Fossil Evidence: fossils of the same plants
and animals could be found in areas of
continents that had once been
connected.
– Evidence from Rock Formations: ages and
types of rocks in the coastal regions of
widely separated areas matched closely.
– Climatic Evidence: changes in climatic
patterns suggested the continents had
not always been located where they are
now.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
Wegener’s Hypothesis, continued
• Similar rock
formations and
fossil evidence
supported
Wegener’s
hypothesis.
1. mid-ocean
ridges
2. Sea-floor
spreading
3. paleomagn
etism
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
1. Mid-Ocean Ridges
• long, undersea mountain chain
• steep, narrow valley at its center
• forms as magma rises from the
asthenosphere
• creates new oceanic lithosphere
(sea floor) as tectonic plates
move apart
• Rocks closer to
Mid-ocean ridges
– Younger
– Less sedimented
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
2. Sea-Floor Spreading
• Sea-floor spreading
– The force of magma (molten rock) pushing up through cracks
in the ocean crust along the mid-ocean ridges
– As the ocean floor spreads apart, magma rises to fill the rift
and then cools to form new rock.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
Sea-Floor Spreading, continued
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
Sea-Floor Spreading, continued
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
3. Paleomagnetism
– the study of the alignment of
magnetic minerals in rock
Magnetic Reversals:
The earth generates a magnetic field –
• cooling magma with iron align
themselves with the poles, much like a
compass needle
• Earth's magnetic field is unstable and will
flip every so often (hundreds of
thousands to million of years).
• Magnetic lineation on the sea floor,
nearly identical patterns on either side
of ridge
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
Paleomagnetism, continued
Magnetic Symmetry
• magnetic pattern on
one side of a mid-ocean
ridge is a mirror image
to the other side.
• indicate that new rock
forms at the center of a
ridge and then move
away from the center in
opposite directions.
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Chapter 10
Section 1 Continental Drift
Continental Drift (Pangaea)
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Objectives
• Summarize the theory of plate tectonics.
• Identify and describe the three types of plate
boundaries.
• List and describe three causes of plate movement.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
How Continents Move
• plate tectonics the theory that explains how large pieces of the
lithospehere, called plates, move and change shape
– lithosphere the solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of
the crust and the rigid upper part of the mantle
• tectonic plates
– include continental crust, oceanic crust, or both
– Continents and oceans are carried along on the
moving tectonic plates
– About 15 tectonic plates
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Tectonic Plates
– asthenosphere the solid, plastic layer of the mantle
beneath the lithosphere
• made of mantle rock that flows very slowly
• which allows tectonic plates to move on top of it
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Tectonic Plates, continued
The boundaries of tectonic plates do not always match the outlines of
continents.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
3 Types of Plate Boundaries
• divergent boundaries
• convergent boundaries
• transform boundaries.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Types of Plate Boundaries, continued
The boundary between
• insert
TTthat are
tectonic
plates
moving away from each
other
Forms:
• Rifts
• mid-ocean ridges
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Types of Plate Boundaries, continued
•Theinsert
TT between
boundary
tectonic plates that are
colliding
Forms:
• ocean trenches
•Mountain ranges
•Volcanoes
•Island arcs
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Types of Plate Boundaries, continued
• insert TT
The boundary between
tectonic plates that are
sliding one another
Earthquakes
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Causes of Plate Motion
• Convection
– is the movement of heated material due to differences
in density that are caused by differences in
temperatures.
• Convection cell.
– A cycle created by the cooler, denser water sinks, and
the warmer water rises to the surface.
• Mantle Convection
– As the mantle material moves, it drags the overlying
tectonic plates along with it.
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
2 types of plate motion
1. Ridge Push
As the cooling
lithosphere
sinks,
asthenosphere
moves away and
pushes on the
bottom of the
plate.
• Insert TT
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
2 types of plate motion
2. Slab Pull
• Insert TT
Cooled
lithosphere
becomes dense
and sinks under
(subduct into)
asthenosphere
in a process
called slab pull
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Chapter 10
Section 2 The Theory of Plate
Tectonics
Plate Tectonics
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
Objectives
• Identify how movements of tectonic plates change
Earth’s surface.
• Summarize how movements of tectonic plates have
influenced climates and life on Earth.
• Describe the supercontinent cycle.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
Reshaping Earth’s Crust
1. rifting
– the process by which Earth’s crust breaks apart
– Heat from mantle builds up lithosphere becomes
thinner
– Cratons
• stable rock contained in continents
• older than 540 million years.
– Sheilds – rocks within craton, exposed to earth’s
surface
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
Reshaping Earth’s Crust, continued
2. Continental Growth
• terrane
– a piece of lithosphere that has a unique geologic history
– Terranes become part of a continent at convergent
boundaries
• Subducts under a lithosphere
• Terrane is scraped off of the subducting plate – part
of the continent
• Look at figure 2 on pg 256
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
Effects of Continental Change
1. Climates
– When continents move, the flow of air and moisture
around the globe changes and causes climates to
change.
– Ice melts as continents move around
2. Change in life
– populations of organisms are separated.
– populations are separated, new species may evolve
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle
• supercontinent cycle the process by which
supercontinents form and break apart over millions of
years
• Pangaea
– the supercontinent that formed 300 million years
– began to break up beginning 250 million years ago
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
1. Formation of pangea
• Mountain ranges were formed
• Panthalassa
– the single, large ocean during Pangaea
• Tethys Sea
– cut into the eastern edge of Pangaea.
2. Breakup of Pangaea
• About 250 million years ago Paleozoic Era
• Broke into Laurasia and Gondwanaland.
• Laurasia = North America and Eurasia.
• Gondwanaland = Africa, South America, India,
Australia, and Antarctica.
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Chapter 10
The Supercontinent Cycle
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
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In the future,
1. In about 150million years, African will collide with Eurasia
2. Australia will also eventually collide with Eurasia
3. In about 250million years, a new supercontinent will
form
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
Reading Check
What modern continents formed from Gondwanaland?
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
Reading Check Answer
What modern continents formed from Gondwanaland?
The continents Africa, South America, Antarctica, and
Australia formed from Gondwanaland. The
subcontinent of India was also part of
Gondwanaland.
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Chapter 10
Section 3 The Changing
Continents
The Supercontinent Cycle, continued
Geography of the Future
• As tectonic plates continue to move, Earth’s
geography will change dramatically.
• Scientists predict that in 250 million years, the
continents will come together again to form a new
supercontinent.
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Chapter 10
Maps in Action
Maps in Action
Locations of
Earthquakes in South
America, 2002–2003
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Chapter 10
Movements of the Ocean
Brain Food Video Quiz
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice
1. Which of the following factors is most important
when determining the type of collision that forms
when two lithospheric plates collide?
A. the density of each plate
B. the size of each plate
C. the paleomagnetism of the rock
D. the length of the boundary
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
1. Which of the following factors is most important
when determining the type of collision that forms
when two lithospheric plates collide?
A. the density of each plate
B. the size of each plate
C. the paleomagnetism of the rock
D. the length of the boundary
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. At locations where sea-floor occurs, rock is moved
away from a mid-ocean ridge. What replaces the rock
as it moves away?
F.
G.
H.
I.
molten rock
older rock
continental crust
compacted sediment
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
2. At locations where sea-floor occurs, rock is moved
away from a mid-ocean ridge. What replaces the rock
as it moves away?
F.
G.
H.
I.
molten rock
older rock
continental crust
compacted sediment
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following was a weakness of Wegener’s
proposal of continental drift when he first proposed
the hypothesis?
A. an absence of fossil evidence
B. unsupported climatic evidence
C. unrelated continent features
D. a lack of proven mechanisms
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
3. Which of the following was a weakness of Wegener’s
proposal of continental drift when he first proposed
the hypothesis?
A. an absence of fossil evidence
B. unsupported climatic evidence
C. unrelated continent features
D. a lack of proven mechanisms
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following statements describes a
specific type of continental growth?
F. Continents change not only by gaining material
but also by losing material.
G. Terranes become part of a continent at
convergent boundaries.
H. Ocean sediments move onto land because of
sea-floor spreading.
I. Rifting adds new rock to a continent and causes
the continent to become wider.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Multiple Choice, continued
4. Which of the following statements describes a
specific type of continental growth?
F. Continents change not only by gaining material
but also by losing material.
G. Terranes become part of a continent at
convergent boundaries.
H. Ocean sediments move onto land because of
sea-floor spreading.
I. Rifting adds new rock to a continent and causes
the continent to become wider.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response
5. What is the name for the process by which the
Earth’s crust breaks apart?
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
5. What is the name for the process by which the
Earth’s crust breaks apart?
rifting
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
6. What is the name for the layer of plastic rock directly
below the lithosphere?
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Short Response, continued
6. What is the name for the layer of plastic rock directly
below the lithosphere?
the asthenosphere
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills
Read the passage below. Then, answer questions 7–9.
The Himalaya Mountains
The Himalaya Mountains are a range of mountains that is 2,400 km long and
that arcs across Pakistan, India, Tibet, Nepal, Sikkim, and Bhutan. The Himalaya
Mountains are the highest mountains on Earth. Nine mountains in the chain,
including Mount Everest, the tallest above-water mountain on Earth, rise to heights
of more than 8,000 m above sea-level. Mount Everest stands 8,850 m tall.
The formation of the Himalaya Mountains began about 80 million years ago. A
tectonic plate carrying the Indian subcontinent collided with the Eurasian plate. The
Indian plate was denser than the Eurasian plate. This difference in density caused
the uplifting of the Eurasian plate and the subsequent formation of the Himalaya
Mountains. This process continues today. The Indian plate continues to push under
the Eurasian plate. New measurements show that Mount Everest is moving to the
northeast by as much as 10 cm per year.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills, continued
7. According to the passage, what geologic process
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
A. divergence
B. continental drift
C. strike-slip faulting
D. convergence
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills, continued
7. According to the passage, what geologic process
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
A. divergence
B. continental drift
C. strike-slip faulting
D. convergence
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills, continued
8. Which of the following statements is a fact according
to the passage?
F. The nine tallest mountains on Earth are located
in the Himalaya Mountains.
G. The Himalaya Mountains are the longest
mountain chain on Earth.
H. The Himalaya Mountains are located within six
countries.
I. The Himalaya Mountains had completely formed
by 80 million years ago.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills, continued
8. Which of the following statements is a fact according
to the passage?
F. The nine tallest mountains on Earth are located
in the Himalaya Mountains.
G. The Himalaya Mountains are the longest
mountain chain on Earth.
H. The Himalaya Mountains are located within six
countries.
I. The Himalaya Mountains had completely formed
by 80 million years ago.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills, continued
9. Which plate is being subducted along the fault that
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
A. The Indian plate is being subducted.
B. The Eurasian plate is being subducted.
C. Both plates are being equally subducted.
D. Neither plate is being subducted.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Reading Skills, continued
9. Which plate is being subducted along the fault that
formed the Himalaya Mountains?
A. The Indian plate is being subducted.
B. The Eurasian plate is being subducted.
C. Both plates are being equally subducted.
D. Neither plate is being subducted.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics
Use the map below to answer questions 10 and 11. The
map shows the locations of the Earth’s major tectonic
plate boundaries.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
10. What type of boundary is found between the South
American plate and the African Plate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
convergent
divergent
transform
subduction
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
10. What type of boundary is found between the South
American plate and the African Plate?
A.
B.
C.
D.
convergent
divergent
transform
subduction
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
11. What type of boundary is found between the South
American plate and the African plate? What surface
features are most often at boundaries of this type?
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
11. What type of boundary is found between the South
American plate and the African plate? What surface
features are most often at boundaries of this type?
Answers should include: the boundary between the
South American plate and the African plate is a
divergent boundary; most divergent boundaries are
located on the ocean floor and produce mid-ocean
ridges and underwater mountain ranges
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
Use the graphic below to answer questions 12 and 13.
The graphic shows a strike-slip fault along a
transform boundary.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
12. What type of crustal interaction is indicated by the
letter E?
F.
G.
H.
I.
continental rifting
sea-floor spreading
divergence
subduction
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
12. What type of crustal interaction is indicated by the
letter E?
F.
G.
H.
I.
continental rifting
sea-floor spreading
divergence
subduction
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
13. Describe how a transform boundary differs from the
boundaries shown by letters D and E in terms of plate
movement and magmatic activity.
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Chapter 10
Standardized Test Prep
Interpreting Graphics, continued
13. Describe how a transform boundary differs from the
boundaries shown by letters D and E in terms of plate
movement and magmatic activity.
Answers should include: unlike the plates at a
convergent boundary, shown by letter E, or divergent
boundary, shown by letter D, plates at a transform
boundary move past one another, not into or away
from one another; transform boundaries produce a
number of earthquakes, but they do not produce
magma or cause mountain formation
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Chapter 10
Tectonic Plates
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Chapter 10
Types of Plate Boundaries
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Chapter 10
Ridge Push and Slab Pull
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Chapter 10
Locations of
Earthquakes in
South America,
2002-2003
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