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Latin America Unit 3 Fact! The west coasts of Mexico, Central America, and South America are part of a geologically active rim called the Ring of Fire. Great plates of the earth’s crust move against each other along Latin America’s western coasts, causing earthquakes and volcanic eruptions. Coffee, Columbia • Rich volcanic soil and mild climate conditions ideal for coffee trees • more than 300,000 small family farms • World famous quality and flavor • Important source of export income Llaneros, Venezuela • Vaqueros - Hardworking cowhands • Llanos - vast grasslands that stretch across Colombia and Venezuela The Llanos (Spanish for The Plains) - a vast tropical grassland plain situated to the east of the Andes in Colombia & Venezuela, in NW South America. - a region of flooded grasslands & savannas Oil Rigs in Lake Maracaibo,Venezuela • the black lifeblood of the economy • the price of oil plunged in 1986 and again in 1990, the country suffered serious financial setbacks Andes Mountain, Peru Andes Mountains • world’s longest mountain chain above sea level • collision of two tectonic plates forming mountains 180 million years ago • Volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, mudslides, glaciers and avalanches constantly change the face of the Andes. Market in Huanca, Peru • vendors sell time-honored medicines - folk cures for hexes, fevers, & other ailments • women peddle whatever goods they can • these highland people are Quechua-speaking descendants of the Inca Machu Picchu, Peru • Ancient city built by Incas • 8,000 feet high • May have been a spiritual or trading site or royal estate of an Inca emperor • Abandoned in 1534 at the fall of the Inca Empire Terraced Hillside of Machu Picchu Terrace Agriculture of the Incas Temple of the Sun Incan Wall •Master stone makers •Still a mystery as to how the Inca made such perfect stones Lake Titicaca, Peru Road Building, Bolivia • trading work for food, Indian women lay a road stone by stone • most Bolivians are Aymara and Quechua Indians or mestizos •Most are extremely poor - landlocked Bolivia is in a chronic state of poverty Gran Chaco Deforestation in Gran Chaco Hydroelectric dam on the Río Negro, near Argentina. The torrential rains that follow the region's long dry season make flood-control works critical. Brazil Brazil Soccer is Brazil’s national sport. So passionate are Brazilians about it that they closed businesses and schools during the Soccer World Cup or national competitions. Rio de Janeiro, Brazil • the former capital of Brazil • boasts a lively night clubs and the world famous Carnival • 1960 the capital moved 600 miles inland to Brasilia • part of its effort to develop the interior of the country • Brazilians—a mixture of Europeans, Africans, Indians, and Asians—live within 200 miles of the Atlantic. • delta 200 miles wide • begins in the Peruvian Andes • Empties into the Atlantic Ocean Amazon Delta, Peru The Amazon River Amazon River Facts! South America’s mighty Amazon River begins high in the Andes, less than 100 miles from the Pacific Ocean. The river flows nearly 4,000 miles to empty into the Atlantic Ocean. Its length is about equal to the distance from New York City to Rome, Italy! The Amazon River Amazon River Facts! This immense river carries a huge amount of water. Some scientists estimate that the Amazon River alone funnels about 20% of all the freshwater that flows over the earth. The Amazon discharges so much freshwater at its mouth that it reduces the salt content of Atlantic Ocean water for up to 100 miles off shore! Banks of the Rain Forest in Columbia Logging Trees in the Rain Forest Settlers in the Rainforest, Brazil • a couple constructs a simple house • Settlers clear plots by burning off vegetation • great swaths have been destroyed to make room for farmers, ranchers and miners Deforestation of the Rain Forest Cotopaxi, Equador World’s highest continually active volcano Easter Island Lines of statues dot the island all the way around. Easter Island Archaeological evidence indicates discovery of the island by Polynesians at about 400 AD . Upon their arrival, an impressive and enigmatic culture began to develop. In addition to the statues, the islanders possessed the Rongorongo script; the only written language in Oceania. Easter Island has become a metaphor for ecological disaster. The population of Easter Island reached its peak at perhaps more than 10,000, far exceeding the capabilities of the small island's ecosystem. Resources became scarce, and the once lush palm forests were destroyed - cleared for agriculture and moving the massive stones. Thereafter, a thriving and advanced social order began to decline into bloody civil war and, evidently, cannibalism! Eventually, all of the statues standing along the coast were torn down by the islanders themselves. All of the statues now erected around the island are the result of recent archaeological efforts. Atacama Desert, Chile Copper Mine in Atacama Desert, Chile Atacama Desert, Chile • open pit copper mining • The driest place on earth • mineral rich—copper, silver, gold and sodium nitrate Strait of Magellan, Chile • winds through Chile - the world’s longest and skinniest country • connecting the South Atlantic and the South Pacific Oceans • Indians share the land w/ sheep, which outnumber the people by 50 to 1 Buenos Aires, Argentina • captial of Argentiana • 11 million people • 1/3 of the country’s pop. • 95% of the Argentinians are descendents of Europeans mostly Spanish and Italian Military in Argentina •Presidential Guard waits while the president attends the Independence Day mass • heavy hand of the military has been influential in gov’t affairs • Military Junta (a gov’t led by a committee of military leaders) ruled from 1976 to 1983 earned a reputation for violence & ruthlessness-more than 10,000 people disappeared and were feared dead • 1983 election broke the hold of the military Patagonia, Argentina • remote are and partially unexplored • very harsh climate • fertile Gauchos on the Pampas grasslands Argentina across the center of Argentina • Gauchos (cowboys) drive more than 15 million head of cattle a year to the slaughter house • South America’s top beef producer The Pampas (Quechua, meaning "plain") - fertile lowlands, covering almost 300,000 square miles, that include most of Uruguay, the Argentine provinces of Buenos Aires, La Pampa, Santa Fe, Entre Ríos and Córdoba, and the southernmost Brazilian State, Rio Grande do Sul. View of the northern Pampas grain belt Patagonia - has the largest concentration of prehistoric small farms on the American continents - densely populated in prehistoric periods -hand impressions are calculated to be dated around 550 BC Patagonia - has the largest concentration of prehistoric small farms on the American continents - densely populated in prehistoric periods -hand impressions are calculated to be dated around 550 B.C. -The size of the hands resembles that of a 13 year old boy, but considering they were probably smaller in size, it is speculated that they could be a few years older, and marked their advancement into manhood by stamping their hands on the walls of this sacred cave Patagonia Argentina Most of Argentina’s people are of Spanish or Italian ancestry. Native Americans – the original inhabitants – make up only a small part of the country’s population. Angel Falls, Venezuela World’s tallest waterfall Map of Mexico Mexico City One of the world’s most populous cities! MEXICO CITY (not including the metroplex): 8.8 mil (2008) - 573 sq mi 15,410 ppl per sq mi HOUSTON (not including the metroplex): 2.2 mil (2008) - 602 sq mi 3,828 ppl per sq mi Mayan Civilization Mayan Building Mayan City Mayan Calendar Sierra Madre Occidental, Mexico Chiapas, South Mexico Home to Zapatista revolutionaries Active Volcano Popocatepetl, Mexico Since 1994 there has been restricted access because seismic activity has been recorded Costa Rica Costa Rica Costa Ricans have no army because they despise militarism. In school, Costa Rican children learn that armies are created to oppress people. Military forces, however, may be organized for national defense if necessary. Arenal, Costa Rica Last erupted 1968, then again in 2005, Arenal is one of the most active volcanoes in the world. Arenal Volcano Costa Rica Panama Canal • opened in 1914 and controlled by USA Panama Canal • 15,000 ships per year • 24 hrs/day • grain is the most popular commodity shipped • Handed over to Panama midnight 12.31.99