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How to Create a Paradigm Shift Snider-Pellegrini, 1858 Continental Drift, 1912 Alfred Wegener (1880-1930) Matthew Fontaine Maury, 1854 Marie Tharp and Bruce Heezen, early 1950s USS Nautilus Paleomagnetism, late 1950s Seismology, 1920s - 1930s Seismology, early 1960s Nuclear detonations since 1945 Plate Tectonics, late 1960s - early 1970s Paradigm Shift!! TECTONIC PLATES DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Rift Zone Mid-Ocean Ridge DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Atlantic Ridge D. Hardin DIVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Mid-Atlantic Ridge Iceland Geysir (Strokkur) Blue Lagoon Krafla, 1980 Thingvellir Hekla, 2000 Eyjafjallajökull, 2010 D. Hardin D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Continent CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Continent Himalayas Mt. Everest D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Continent Alps Mt. Blanc Eiger Monch Jungfrau D. Hardin D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Oceanic crust Accretion/Crumple Zone Subduction Zone CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Continent vs. Oceanic crust Cascade Range IMPORTANT TO REMEMBER! Palouse biome Views from Seattle Olympic Range Mt. Rainier Mt. St. Helens Mt. Hood Three Sisters Mt. Shasta Crater Lake D. Hardin D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Oceanic vs. Oceanic crust Subduction Zone CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Oceanic vs. Oceanic crust Island arcs Japanese Caribbean Aleutian Philippine Indonesian D. Hardin CONVERGENT PLATE BOUNDARY Oceanic vs. Oceanic crust Island arcs Japan D. Hardin D. Hardin TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY D. Hardin TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY San Andreas Fault San Francisco North American Plate North American Plate North American Plate Pacific Plate Los Angeles Pacific Plate Pacific Plate 1974 Carrizo Plain 1993 D. Hardin TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY San Andreas Fault D. Hardin TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY North Anatolian Fault D. Hardin TRANSFORM PLATE BOUNDARY North Anatolian Fault Izmit, Turkey earthquake November 12, 1999 Magnitude 7.2 D. Hardin D. Hardin HOT SPOT HOT SPOT Hawaiian Islands 4.5-5.6 million YBP N Kauai Oahu 3.0-4.0 million YBP 2.7-3.3 million YBP Molokai 2.2-2.5 million YBP Maui 1.8 million YBP 1.2-1.3 million YBP 0.4-0.8 million YBP Hawaii 0.2-0.7 million YBP Recent volcanism Active volcano D. Hardin Loihi seamount HOT SPOT Hawaiian Island Chain Midway Atoll Kure Atoll Previous map area D. Hardin HOT SPOT Yellowstone Caldera Chain Montana Oregon Idaho Yellowstone geothermal features Wyoming Nevada Utah Craters of the Moon D. Hardin D. Hardin RIFT ZONE Great Rift Valley D. Hardin RIFT ZONE Great Rift Valley Human evolution D. Hardin D. Hardin NEXT: AGENTS OF EROSION D. Hardin
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