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Aim: What is the Theory of Plate Tectonics? Do Now: What parts of the earth make up the lithosphere? Homework: Study for tomorrow’s quiz. What are crustal plates? Large pieces of the lithosphere (crust & upper mantle) that float on the lower, liquid part of the mantle What led to the Theory of Plate Tectonics? 1. The Theory of Continental Drift & 2. Seafloor spreading What is the Theory of Continental Drift? An idea that states: The continents were once a giant landmass (Pangaea), & broke into pieces that moved to the positions they are in today. What is evidence of continental drift? 1. 2. 3. 4. The Giant Jigsaw Puzzle Fossil Evidence Matching mountain ranges Matching rocks (diamonds) What 1. causes continental drift? Convection currents within the earth’s mantle (Hot magma rises, cool magma sinks) causing the movement of the crustal plates. 2. This causes the plates to move in different ways – sometimes away from each other, & sometimes into each other What is evidence of the spreading sea floor? 1. The Mid-Ocean Ridges & 2. Stripes of rock with changing magnetic particles (This shows that the earth’s magnetic field changed throughout its history.) What is the 1. A mountain chain that runs down the middle of Mid-Atlantic the Atlantic Ocean Ridge? 2. The tallest & longest mountain ranges are under the sea 3. Some peak above the ocean surface = islands (ex. Iceland) Evidence of Sea-Floor Spreading Rift 1. A deep crack running down What is a the center of the ridge where rift valley? magma flows out 2. New oceanic crust forms & it pushes away the older crust causing the sea-floor to spread. 3. The youngest crust is located along the center of the ridge. 4. Many earthquakes & volcanoes occur here. What are 1. Long, v-shaped valleys trenches? located in the deepest part of the ocean floor 2. Most are along continental coasts & strings of islands in the Pacific Ocean Subduction zone What is the 1. Oceanic Crust – makes up difference ocean floor & is heavier & between denser oceanic 2. Continental Crust – makes crust & up continents continental crust? Where is 1. At subduction zones – older oceanic (dense) oceanic crust sinks crust under the continental crust pushed & into the mantle down into 2. Much volcanic activity & the many earthquakes occur trenches? here Subduction zone Aim: What are some effects of Plate Tectonics? Do Now: What causes movement of the crustal plates? Homework: Study for Quiz on Plate Tectonics & Big 8 Review Book pgs 158 – 161 due tomorrow. What are 1. Earthquakes some effects 2. Mountain Building of plate tectonics? 3. Volcanoes 4. Islands 1. Two plates sliding past each What causes other at a fault (a break in Earthquakes? the earth’s crust along which movement has occurred) Ex.) San Andreas fault 2. This creates seismic waves that carry energy, which can cause much destruction 3. Tsunami = underwater earthquakes create tremendous waves By analysis of earthquake (seismic) wave data (vibration disturbances) scientists have determined the structure inside the Earth 1. When continental plates How can collide & crust folds (looks mountains like waves in rock layers) or form? buckles upward (Ex. Himalayas) 2. Fault-block mountains & 3. Dome mountains (magma pushes up on crust) Dome Mountains How do 1. When magma flows through volcanoes cracks, or vents in rock or form? 2. From melted rock formed by friction between oceanic & continental crust Paricutin Volcano, Mexico How do islands form? 1. From underwater volcanoes (Ex. Iceland), or Hot Spots 2. Hawaiian Islands formed as the Pacific plate moved over a hot spot. What is the ring of fire? 1. The major earthquake & volcano zone that almost forms a circle around the Pacific Ocean 2. Most active volcanoes on landmasses located here What is the second major volcano & earthquake zone? What is the third major volcano & earthquake zone? Along an underwater chain of volcanic mountains called the Mid-Atlantic Ridge Eurasian-Melanesian Belt Aim: What happens in the different layers of the atmosphere? Do Now: 1. Prepare for Quiz 2. What is the atmosphere? 3. What is the main gas in our atmosphere? Homework: Draw & Color a picture label: Oceanic Crust, Continental crust, Rift Valley, Trench, Mid-Ocean Ridge, Convection Currents Quiz: Plate Tectonics 1. Where are the tallest & longest mountains located on the earth? 2. Long, v-shaped valleys located in the deepest part of the ocean floor are called ___________. 3. A deep crack running down the center of the ridge where magma flows out is known as a ________ _________. 4. The Theory of Continental Drift states that the continents were once a giant landmass called ___________. 5. __________ ________within the earth’s mantle (Hot magma rises, cool magma sinks) causing the movement of the crustal plates. 6. The Ring of Fire, the major earthquake & volcano zone, almost forms a circle around the _____________. 7. Hawaiian Islands formed as the Pacific plate moved over a _________. 8. A break in the earth’s crust along which movement has occurred is called a ______. 9. By analysis of _______________ wave data (vibration disturbances) scientists have determined the structure inside the Earth. 10. Earthquake waves are known as _______ waves. What is the 1. The envelope of gases that surrounds the earth atmosphere? 2. Considered matter 3. Contains: Nitrogen – 78% Oxygen – 21% Carbon dioxide – 0.04% Other gases – 0.96% (Argon, Helium, Neon, Krypton, Xenon, Radon) What are the layers of the atmosphere? 1. Troposphere: closest layer to the earth 2. Stratosphere 3. Mesosphere (middle) 4. Thermosphere 5. Exosphere: furthest layer from the earth What happens in the troposphere? 1. Plants & Animals can survive 2. Weather from winds & water vapor 3. It gets colder until you reach the top (the tropopause) What happens in the stratosphere? 1. Temperature of air – doesn’t change too much 2. Weather – none 3. Ozone – found in the upper part What is ozone & how does it function? Ozone is a form of oxygen (O3) that absorbs most of the harmful UV rays & prevents them from reaching the earth. What happens in the mesosphere? What happens in the thermosphere? Shooting stars (meteors) burn up here 1. Temperatures move from very cold to the hottest temperatures 2. Satellites are found here 3. Ionosphere located here How do humans use the ionosphere? Communication – radio waves can be sent from one part of the earth to another by bouncing off ions (charged particles) How do ions 1. Particles move very fast due to increased temperatures form? 2. Friction causes electrons to be lost (positive charge) & gained (negative charge) Aim: 1. How is the Earth’s atmosphere heated? 2. What factors affect air pressure? Do Now: 1. Take out homework. 2. What occurs in the layers of the atmosphere? Homework: How is the earth’s atmosphere heated? What is conduction? 3 Ways: 1. Conduction 2. Convection 3. Radiation Movement of heat from an area of higher temperature to lower temperature through a Direct Contact of molecules Conductio n •Particles gain energy from the flame. •They vibrate faster, and as they collide with other particles energy is passed from particle to particle. What is convection? Movement of heat through a liquid or gas (Warm air expands, becomes lighter & will rise as heavier, Cooler air sinks) How is the atmosphere heated by radiation? Sun’s energy travels to the earth by short-wave radiation that passes through the atmosphere & is absorbed by the earth. The earth radiates energy back into the atmosphere with longwave radiation that is absorbed by the atmosphere. Short waves Long waves Sun Earth Atmosphere How does air exert pressure? Since air has mass, gravity pulls it down on the earth’s surface & exerts pressure on the earth’s surface. When does air pressure decrease? When the distance above the earth’s surface (altitude) increases What factors affect air pressure? How does elevation affect air pressure? 1. Elevation (Altitude) 2. Temperature 3. Water Vapor There is a higher pressure near the ground because the weight of all the air molecules pushes down, as gravity pulls air down Where is air pressure greatest, at sea level or on top of a mountain? Sea level because air molecules are more compact, therefore the pressure is greater Weight of air pushes down Less air particles = lower pressure & lower density More air particles = higher pressure & increased density How does temperature affect air pressure? 1. Increased temperature: molecules move faster & spread apart (expand) = lower pressure 2. Decrease temperature: molecules move slower & closer (contract) = higher pressure How does water vapor affect air pressure? The more water vapor = lower the air pressure because molecules of water vapor weigh less than air molecules. How is air pressure measured? With an instrument called a barometer What conditions create high pressure systems? What about low pressure systems? High Pressure: Cool temps & dry Low Pressure: Warm temps & more water vapor Aim: What are winds & how do they form? Do Now: What factors affect air pressure? Homework: Big 8 Review Book pgs 162-169 What are air currents? Up & down movements of air Formation: the sun doesn’t heat up all parts of the earth equally 1. As air heats up it expands & becomes less dense (rises) 2. Cool air is more dense (sinks) & moves under the warm air pushing it up What are winds? The horizontal movement of air Formation: When air moves from regions of high pressure (cold) to regions of low pressure (warm). What are global winds? Large wind systems around the earth Formation: Cool air from the poles forms an area of high pressure, sinks & moves toward the equator. Air warmed from the equator forms an area of low pressure, which is moved towards the poles. Poles: Colder & Air Sinks Equator: Hotter & Air Rises Why do global winds curve? Because the earth rotates on its axis a) Winds moving toward the equator curve to the west. b) Winds moving toward the poles curve to the east. What 1. Global winds that are belts of are jet high-speed air in the upper streams? atmosphere 2. They flow from west to east 3. Have speeds that can be as high as 500 km/hr How are winds named? What are examples of local winds? According to the direction from which the wind comes 1. Sea & Land breezes 2. Mountain & Valley breezes 3. Monsoons How do sea & land breezes differ from each other? 1. Sea Breezes – come from the sea & move towards the land 2. Land Breezes – come from the land & move towards the sea What causes 1. Land heats up & cools off faster than water causing changes in air sea & land pressure. breezes? 2. During the Day: Land is Warm & Water is Cool Low Pressure High Pressure 3. During the Night: Land is Cooler, Water Warmer High Pressure Low Pressure What would cause mountain & valley breezes? During the Day: Mountaintops are warmer (low pressure) than the valleys (high pressure). = Valley Breeze During the Night: Mountaintops are cooler (high pressure) than the valleys (low pressure). = Mountain Breeze Low Low Valley Breeze High High Mountain Breeze High Low What are monsoons? Winds that change direction with season Land cool/High Pressure Land warm/Low Pressure How is wind measured? How can wind direction be measured? By instruments used to determine wind direction & speed Using a wind vane, which will point into the wind The design of the vane causes the end with the smallest area to turn into the wind. The tail points where the wind is going & the nose (smallest area) points where the wind is coming from. The wind direction can be named in reference to where it is coming from. How can wind speed be measured? Using an instrument called an anemometer What can a weather balloon measure? Atmospheric Pressure, Temperature, Humidity, Wind Speed & Direction anemometer Aim: 1. How does water cycle through the hydrosphere, atmosphere, & lithosphere? 2. What conditions influence a change in weather? Do Now: Take out a piece of loose-leaf & prepare for quiz. Homework: Study for Quiz Quiz: Winds 1. During the day the ocean has cold temperatures while the sand is hot. Is the pressure high or low over the ocean? 2. Global winds that are belts of high-speed air in the upper atmosphere are known as _____ _________. 3. Winds that change direction with season are known as ___________. 4. We can determine wind direction by using a wind ________. 5. Winds are named according to where they _______________. How does 1. a) Evaporation & water get b) Transpiration: into the atmosphere? a) The changing of a liquid to a gas (water vapor), which occurs when water takes in heat energy from the sun b) Transpirations = evaporation from plants Transpiration from the Leaf of a Plant How do clouds form? 2. Condensation: Changing of a gas to a liquid a) When air containing water vapor loses heat it condenses into water droplets b) Water droplets & ice crystals form around dust & other particles to form clouds What happens when water droplets in the cloud get bigger & heavier? 3. Precipitation: Water that falls to the earth from the atmosphere (due to gravitational pull) Examples: 1. Rain – water droplets 2. Snow – large crystals of ice 3. Sleet – frozen rain 4. Hail – layers of ice What is the water cycle? The repeated movement of water from the earth’s surface (Hydrosphere & Lithosphere) to the atmosphere & back to the earth’s surface 2 2 2 3 3 1 1 What is humidity? The amount of water vapor in the air What is the difference between specific humidity & relative humidity? Specific Humidity = the actual amount of water vapor in the air Relative Humidity = the amt. of water vapor in the air compared to its capacity (the amt. of material something is capable of holding) What affects the capacity of the air to hold water? Temperature Warm air holds more water vapor than cold air. How does temperature & water vapor affect an area? These & other factors can help to determine the climate & daily weather conditions of an area. What is the difference between climate & weather? Climate: the long-term average of weather conditions over a large geographic area (determined by amt. of solar radiation & rainfall) Weather: Local, short-term changes in temperature, rainfall, wind, cloud cover & humidity What conditions will cause a change in weather? 1. Air Mass(es) - large areas of air that have the same temperature & amount of moisture & 2. Front(s) – the forward edge of an air mass Aim: 1. How do air masses form? 2. What are examples of severe storms? Do Now: What conditions influence a change in weather? Homework: Study for tomorrow’s Quiz How is an air mass affected? By the region it covers… A mass that forms over: 1. Land (The Continent) = Dry 2. Water (Maritime) = Moist 3. Warm (Tropical) regions = Warm 4. Cold (Polar) regions = Cold Air Masses What are 2 1. Continental Polar Air Masses: types of air form over Canada (land) masses (cold & dry) that form from the 2. Maritime Polar Air Masses: polar form over oceans (cold & regions of moist) the earth? Remember: Cold air = High Pressure What are Tropical Air Masses: air 1. Maritime Tropical Air Masses masses (warm & moist) that form 2. Continental Tropical Air near the Masses (warm & dry) equator? Remember: Warm/Moist air = Low Pressure What is the Highs – (weather in a highdifference pressure region) bring clear between a skies & cool temperature high & a Lows – bring cloudy skies, some low? precipitation, & warm temps. How do From West to East air Air masses never mix, a masses front forms & will bring a generally change in weather. move across the U.S.A.? What are 3 types of fronts? 1. Cold, (The forward edge of a cold air mass.) 2. Warm, (The forward edge of a warm air mass.) & 3. Stationary Where is precipitation occurring? How does a cold front form? 1. When a cold air mass pushes under a warm air mass (cumulus clouds form) How does a warm front form? 1. When a warm air mass pushes over a cold air mass (cirrus clouds form) 2. Cold fronts usually bring rain & cloudy skies. 2. This happens slowly, & causes a long, steady precipitation. What is a stationary front? 1. This forms when 2 air masses meet & stay in one place for a while. 2. This brings very little change in weather. What are examples of severe storms? 1. Thunderstorms – a storm with thunder, lightning, heavy rain, & strong wind 2. Hurricanes – tropical storm with very strong winds 3. Tornadoes – small, very violent funnel-shaped storm 4. Blizzards – storms with high winds & heavy snow Why is it important to be able to predict when these storms may happen? With sufficient warning, we can prepare & respond to dangerous conditions. Example: Thunderstorms: stay inside Hurricanes: Evacuate if you’re by the water, get to higher ground, buy supplies (food, medicine, flashlights…) tape or board-up windows… Tornadoes: get into a basement, or a sturdy, stable room in the center of a house away from windows… Blizzard: Buy supplies, stay indoors Aim: 1. What do weather maps show? 2. Review: What do you know about Plate Tectonics, The Atmosphere & Weather? Do Now: Prepare for Quiz Homework: Bring a Pencil, Big 8 Review Book & Study for tomorrow’s Exam on: Plate Tectonics, The Atmosphere, & Weather Quiz: Weather 1. Air masses generally move across the U.S.A from _________ to _________ . 2. Weather in ________ pressure regions bring cloudy, stormy weather. 3. The forward edge of an air mass usually creates precipitation. This area is known as a _______. 4. 5. What do 1. Weather conditions such as: weather temperature, barometric maps pressure, wind speed, & relative show? humidity 2. They can help to show weather patterns, which can be useful in forecasting weather. 3. You can read a weather map by using the key in order to translate the symbols What are the lines on a weather map called? Isotherms – lines that connect points of equal temperature value. Isobars – lines that connect points of equal air pressure. Aim: Exam: What do you know about Plate Tectonics, The Atmosphere & Weather? Do Now: Take out pencil, put up binders & prepare for your exam Homework: Big 8 Review Book pages 101-115 Have a Great Spring Break!!!